分类： hanzhen

The negotiation of China’s accession to the WTO Agreement on Government Procurement (GPA) has entered a critical stage since it was initiated at the end of 2007. Judging from the latest bids and asking prices, the biggest difference between China, the United States, the European Union and other major GPA participants lies in whether and to what extent state-owned enterprises are included in the bidding list. At the same time, China’s domestic government procurement system is not unified, and there is a big gap with the requirements of the new GPA text. Therefore, there are two main challenges for China to join the GPA negotiations at present: first, how to treat the GPA bid of state-owned enterprises; The second is to improve the domestic government procurement system and connect with GPA.

First, the GPA bid of state-owned enterprises

China thinks that its state-owned enterprises are large in quantity and wide in scope, which are essentially different from those in the west. They belong to an independent market entity and should not bid. So far, four bids have not included state-owned enterprises. However, the United States, the European Union, Japan, South Korea and other major GPA participants believe that China’s state-owned enterprises are heavily controlled or influenced by the government and do not have the status of independent market players. Some of them have public purposes and should be included in the scope of government procurement norms. The latest asking price includes not only the vast majority of central state-owned enterprises, but also some local state-owned enterprises.

The above differences between China, the United States, the European Union and other major GPA participants should be treated rationally. First of all, the state-owned enterprises in China are quite different from those in most western countries in nature, scale and field, which is rooted in the difference between public ownership and private ownership in the basic economic system. With the process of privatization, western countries gradually open their government procurement markets to regional or international markets, while China seeks to moderately open its government procurement markets on the premise of adhering to the basic position of public ownership. Moreover, although some state-owned enterprises in western countries are called state-owned enterprises, they are more similar to institutions in China in essence. Therefore, it is unreasonable and unrealistic to ask China to treat state-owned enterprises in full accordance with western standards in opening up the government procurement market. Secondly, in some western countries’ domestic laws and EU procurement directives, government purpose, government control or influence standards did play an important role in deciding to include them in the adjustment scope of government procurement system. However, GPA was mainly negotiated by the participants, and the system standards were vague. Moreover, judging from the bids of the existing GPA participants, apart from reciprocity, a dominant theoretical standard could not be extracted. Therefore, it is obviously unfounded to ask China to bid for state-owned enterprises according to public welfare standards, government-controlled competition reduction standards or other standards. That is to say, GPA participants cannot ask China to abide by standards that do not exist at the GPA level, but only exist in its domestic laws or regional laws. Thirdly, whether and to what extent China’s state-owned enterprises bid,The bidding of state-owned enterprises should be determined on the principle of reciprocity, that is, the principle of field and scale equivalence, supplemented by business opportunity equivalence. Considering that Annex III of GPA is mainly composed of institutions and state-owned enterprises, the reform of institutions and state-owned enterprises in China is still in progress. Moreover, compared with state-owned enterprises, the scale of institutions is not small, and the government has a stronger purpose, which is more in line with GPA bidding requirements. Therefore, China’s Annex III bid should consider institutions and state-owned enterprises as a whole, and choose public welfare institutions as the main bid. Fourth, China is a developing country, and it is the largest developing country in the world. If the GPA as a "rich country club" overcharges China, it will not only hurt the interests of China and be unfair to China, but also have a negative impact on the future "expansion" of GPA, which is not conducive to the long-term development of GPA.

Second, the integration of domestic government procurement system with GPA

The legal system construction of government procurement in China has made some progress since the end of last century, but there are also many problems, which are mainly manifested in: the basic law of government procurement, the Government Procurement Law, and the Bidding Law are in serious conflict; The adjustment scope of the Government Procurement Law is too narrow, the supporting system is not in place, the procurement procedure is not standardized, and the relief system is weak; The bidding form stipulated in the Bidding Law is too rigid to meet the diversified procurement needs of enterprises, and the relief mechanism is also imperfect; There is a big gap between the current legal system of government procurement and the requirements of the new GPA text. These problems not only seriously affect the function of government procurement, but also restrict the process of China’s entry into GPA.

In the GPA negotiations in recent years, the European Union and other participants have repeatedly asked the China government to improve the legal system of government procurement and realize the integration of the government procurement system with GPA. Scholars at home and abroad have also clearly pointed out that the biggest challenge for China to join GPA lies in the adjustment and improvement of the domestic government procurement system, but these issues have never attracted enough attention from relevant domestic departments. The conflict between "Government Procurement Law" and "Tendering and Bidding Law" remains, and the supporting regulations of "Government Procurement Law" have not been promulgated since soliciting opinions in 2010. It can be said that in the nearly six years since China started the GPA negotiations, it has been more active in GPA negotiations, but it has done little in terms of system integration.

According to the current negotiation progress, it should not be too long before China joins the GPA. It takes time to adjust and improve the domestic government procurement system, and it takes more time for domestic procurement institutions and suppliers to adapt to and be familiar with the adjusted state-owned procurement system and GPA rules. Judging from the practice of other participants in GPA to open their domestic government procurement market, most of them have experienced the gradual development process of perfecting the government procurement system, standardizing the government procurement market, concluding bilateral or regional treaties or agreements to open the government procurement market and participating in GPA. Judging from the development and evolution of GPA, GPA rules are formulated by major GPA participants such as the United States and the European Union on the basis of their domestic or regional procurement laws, so for these countries, the cost of system integration is very low. Countries and regions that later joined or are now preparing to join GPA also adhere to the principle of improving their own procurement system before joining GPA. China started to join GPA negotiations under the background of imperfect government procurement system, nonstandard government procurement practice and insufficient openness of government procurement market. The cost of system integration is very high and it needs a longer transition and adaptation period. Therefore, while actively responding to the negotiations, China should learn from the experience of other countries and regions in government procurement system construction and China’s WTO accession system construction, and improve the domestic procurement system as soon as possible to at least meet the bottom line requirements of GPA. Otherwise, the possible consequence is that after the GPA comes into effect in China, enterprises in China, procurement entities included in the GPA bidding scope and relevant dispute settlement institutions are still not familiar with the GPA rules.Not only will it directly affect the pace of China enterprises entering other countries’ government procurement markets, but foreign enterprises entering China’s government procurement market will inevitably lead to many disputes and conflicts, which will undoubtedly hurt China’s national interests and image. Moreover, GPA’s procurement program design is a summary of the experience of regulating government procurement behavior in various countries around the world, and it is a guarantee for establishing a transparent, competitive and fair government procurement market and improving the efficiency of public funds. To some extent, even if China doesn’t join GPA, it should learn from GPA and accelerate the process of legalization of government procurement. (Professor Liu Rui, Faculty of Law, National School of Administration)

On November 2nd, a court in San Diego awarded a man named Robert Ouyang $10,500,000 to a cancer patient.

And this person is the founder of the famous "acid-base constitution theory".

According to this theory, people’s constitution can be divided into acid and alkali, and acidic constitution can lead to various diseases including cancer. To be healthy, you must ensure the alkaline environment of your body.

It sounds reasonable, and many people believe in it. Some terminally ill patients seem to see hope, and many people turn to his "magic therapy" in the hope of curing cancer.

So, based on this theory, he wrote books, made medicines, and even opened a clinic to treat diseases, making a lot of money.

However, the lie will be exposed after all.

As early as two years ago, he admitted in court that he was not a microbiologist, hematologist, medical expert and naturopath, nor had he received any scientific training. Without medical qualifications, even the diploma is a fake.

Later, he asked another cancer patient to give up chemotherapy and adopt his own original alkaline therapy, which eventually led to the development of cancer to stage 4-and this therapy actually added alkaline baking soda to intravenous drugs!

Therefore, he was sentenced to pay a huge fine of $105 million, and the false theory of "acid-base constitution" was also overthrown.

In China, there are still many people who believe in the "food acid-base balance theory", and such articles are also popular in various health care categories from the media, and similar books and medicines are also available in the market.

As early as 2011, Science and Technology Daily had already refuted its statement …

But why can this statement stand for so long? Is there any scientific basis for claiming that "acidic constitution" is the source of various diseases? What is the acidity and alkalinity of human body and food?

Don’t worry, Xiaobian is here to tell you the truth.

"Acidic constitution" is not reliable!

Yun Wuxin, a doctor of food engineering in the Department of Agriculture and Biology of Purdue University and a member of the Scientific Squirrel Society, said: The concept of "acidic constitution" itself is untenable. One of the important theories of "acidic constitution": the pH value in body fluids is preferably alkaline, which is the healthiest state. Once it is sour, it will lead to various diseases, from fatigue to cancer.

That is to say, all diseases, in the view of acid constitution theorists, are due to the acidity of body fluids. "In fact, under normal physiological conditions, the pH value of blood should be kept accurately between 7.35 and 7.45. Once it is lower than 7.35, it will cause acidosis, dizziness, drowsiness, anxiety and even insanity. If it is higher than 7.45, it will also cause alkalosis, not only muscle spasm, but also heart problems. However, whether it is acidosis or alkalosis, if it cannot be treated in time, it will be life-threatening. "

In medical clinic, many acidosis cases show that acidosis is not the cause of disease, but because of illness or taking certain drugs.

There have been medical reports that patients with lymphoma have serious complications of lactic acid poisoning. Therefore, "acidic constitution" is not the "evil cause" of inducing tumor, but because the growth of tumor makes the microenvironment sour or causes rare acidosis complications.

Food cannot change our own acidity and alkalinity.

Professor Fan Zhihong from China Agricultural University pointed out that food is divided into acid and alkali in chemistry. The meat, eggs and seafood we usually eat are rich in protein’s meat, as well as rice, potatoes, wine, sweets and other foods containing starch and sugar. These foods are classified as acidic foods after being digested and decomposed in the body.

Vegetables and fruits, which are plant foods, decompose in the body to produce alkaline substances, so they belong to alkaline foods.

"Although nutrition studies have shown that if a large number of acidic foods are consumed daily, acidic metabolites will increase, which will affect the acid-base balance of the human body. But in fact, our body won’t turn sour easily because we eat an extra kilo of meat one day. It has a very powerful regulation system, which controls the acid-base balance in a precise weak alkaline range from digestion to excretion to respiratory system. Therefore, it is wishful thinking to change its acidity and alkalinity through food. " Cloud unintentionally introduced.

As for the acid-base food list on the Internet that is similar to the following, it is really …

Beware of merchants fooling alkaline health care products

Nowadays, the term "food acid-base balance" has been heated up. Searching online, even minor ailments such as headache, brain fever and acne on the face are "tied" to the symptoms of "acidic constitution".

You will even see amazing data such as "According to statistics, 70% of people in China are acidic". As a result, the overwhelming "alkaline health care products" (including alkaline tablets, alkaline powder, alkaline water, etc.) broke into people’s sight.

Under the fool of merchants, people buy them in succession, eager to neutralize the acid in the body immediately and build themselves into a healthy "alkaline constitution". As everyone knows, I have strayed into the trap arranged by the merchants.

It is difficult to find the number "Guo Shi Jian Zi" on the outer packaging of these "new health foods", that is to say, they are not health foods. Zhang Tao, deputy secretary-general of the Beijing Association for the Study of Difficult Diseases of Traditional Chinese Medicine, said: "People should correctly understand these non-health products. When facing the marketing public opinion, they should polish their eyes and treat them critically, and avoid blindly buying and eating them."

Zhang Tao suggested that consumers can refer to the Dietary Guide for China Residents issued by China Nutrition Society. The Guide emphasizes that "the food is diverse, mainly cereals, and the thickness is matched", suggests "eating milk, soybeans or their products every day", and also puts forward "always eating appropriate amounts of fish, poultry, eggs and lean meat".

These foods are the main sources of human energy, protein, vitamins and minerals. Without these foods, the residents’ nutritional intake is bound to be insufficient or deficient. Therefore, it is necessary to mix them reasonably and have a balanced diet.

(Original title: Lies are finally exposed! Seven years ago, we said that the theory of acid-base constitution was unscientific.

The vegetable market is the most smoky place in the city.

However, in recent years, with the rise and development of the market and online shopping, the traditional vegetable market faces many difficulties in its operation.

A set of data from the Vegetable Market Branch of the Municipal Commodity Exchange Market Association shows that in 2022, there were 575 vegetable markets in the city, with 41,780 businesses and 78,779 employees, with a total transaction volume of 34.9 billion yuan. Compared with 2021, the number of markets decreased by 58, the number of business households decreased by 28,654, the number of employees decreased by 45,000, and the transaction volume decreased by 11.6%.

What kind of consumption changes are reflected behind this trend? In the face of the new situation, how should the traditional vegetable market transform to seek a breakthrough and enhance the competitiveness of the industry?

On October 26th, the Municipal Commodity Exchange Market Association and the Municipal Agricultural Products Group jointly hosted a seminar on the innovation and development of Chongqing’s urban vegetable market, and invited representatives from the Municipal Commission of Commerce, the Municipal Market Supervision Bureau, the Municipal Supply and Marketing Corporation and other relevant service providers of the vegetable market to participate in the seminar, so as to jointly provide ideas and suggestions for the transformation and development of the traditional vegetable market.

There are two main reasons

The scale of traditional vegetable market has shrunk.

For a long time, the traditional vegetable market, as the main place for citizens to buy ingredients, has been loved by the people with its geographical advantages of many points and wide range and fresh, cheap and complete products. Although in recent years, large supermarkets have risen one after another, the core position of food trading in farmers’ markets has not been changed.

So what caused the scale of traditional vegetable market to shrink?

Li ke, general manager of Chongqing Supply and Marketing Fresh Chain Co., Ltd. analyzed that this is because both buyers and sellers have changed.

"First of all, the buyer has changed." Li ke said that the consumer groups who used to visit the vegetable market gradually grew old, and the main force of buying vegetables was replaced by the post-80 s and post-90 s. "This group of people grew up in the Internet era and were used to online consumption, and their sensitivity to agricultural product prices decreased. When the e-commerce platform for agricultural products developed one after another, it complied with their consumption habits, and the space of traditional vegetable markets was naturally squeezed."

From the seller’s point of view, the same is true. In the crowded market, many young people are no longer willing to engage in the traditional vegetable selling industry. "Many’ second generation vegetables’ are unwilling to take over. Who will rent our market to operate?" Li ke said.

In addition, most of the traditional vegetable markets have been operating for many years, and the facilities and equipment are gradually aging and the environment is not clean enough, which is also an important reason for the decline in consumer attractiveness.

Traditional vegetable market is irreplaceable.

But we should actively seek change.

While the scale of the traditional vegetable market is shrinking, e-commerce platforms and community group purchases are developing rapidly, and even catching up with the market is becoming increasingly popular, and roadside stalls selling vegetables are also common.

Despite this, Luo Dawen, president of the Vegetable Market Branch of the Municipal Commodity Exchange Market Association, still believes that the position of the traditional vegetable market is irreplaceable, but it should actively seek change in line with the development of the times.

Luo Dawen said that the vegetable market is an important carrier of the "vegetable basket" project and an important window of urban civilization, and plays an important role in meeting the daily needs of citizens, resettling employment, ensuring supply and stabilizing prices. In particular, the policy support has been increasing, and its main channel status and public welfare role are irreplaceable.

Relying on its own advantages, actively embracing e-commerce and realizing online and offline integrated development are considered to be the inevitable trend of innovation and development of the vegetable market.

"By linking the e-commerce platform, merchants can increase their profits and provide consumers with more efficient and convenient services, thus reversely draining the offline vegetable market." Luo Dawen said.

In this regard, Cailaobao (Chongqing) Technology Co., Ltd. has explored a road of integrated development. Founded in 2016, Cailaobao now operates 7 farmers’ markets. Taking the farmer’s market as the carrier and relying on the take-away platform, Cailaobao has become an operator supplying fresh agricultural products. Today, its market share in the take-away fresh food sector of large e-commerce platforms such as Meituan and Hungry is over 40%.

At the same time, under the online farmer’s market, Cai Laobao actively planned related activities for drainage. For example, Ranjiaba Store, a subsidiary of Anxin Food Market, held a "Pepper as a friend, you are my dish" flash event in Chinese Valentine’s Day, which attracted a large number of young consumers, and the daily passenger flow exceeded 8,000.

The vegetable market should form a joint force

Seeking resource integration and chain development

At the meeting, many people in the industry mentioned the chain of vegetable market.

Li ke said that compared with e-commerce platform and community group buying, the traditional vegetable market has its own unique advantages: merchant resources.

After years of operation and development, there are many merchants’ resources behind every farmer’s market. If we can integrate resources, warm up and complement each other’s advantages, we can greatly reduce operating costs.

At the same time, because the farmers’ market is a regional consumption place, the chain development can largely avoid the problem of horizontal competition.

Luo Dawen said that the chain development of the vegetable market can integrate supply resources through operating entities or leading merchants, and establish a more perfect supply chain system such as unified procurement, joint procurement, direct procurement at the base, distribution and distribution. It can also expand enterprises, institutions, school canteens, restaurants and other customers to provide lunch boxes and fresh ingredients, which will help the vegetable market to enhance its core competitiveness and reduce circulation costs.

"In the chain development model, we can also explore the incubation of chain merchants. Just like every shopping mall has Starbucks, KFC and other businesses, the development and growth of these merchants can bring people to the market." Li ke said.

In addition, at the meeting, some practitioners also mentioned the transformation of traditional vegetable market and the integration of service formats, such as relying on the transformation of traditional vegetable market and introducing hairdressing, dyeing and maintenance formats, which can not only improve the supporting functions of community public services, but also serve residents’ lives in depth and gather popularity for the vegetable market.

Our reporter Li Yuanyuan

Apple’s iOS system has come a long way since it came out. IOS system was originally called iPhone OS, and gradually evolved into an iOS system with many fans and made iPhone a great success. Every evolution of the iOS system will lead to an innovation of the mobile platform at that time, and many features will soon be used for reference by other platforms. In fact, from the iPhone OS to the current iOS 8, many users have forgotten the whole development process. Now let’s review how Apple’s operating system has evolved over the years.

iPhone OS

Apple’s first smartphone, Apple iPhone, is built with the first generation of iPhone OS operating system, and this system has also laid the most basic concept for the entire iOS system. Therefore, many features that seem to be taken for granted now all appeared on the iPhone OS. Different from other operating systems at that time, all the interactions of iPhone OS were based on the touch screen, and there was no physical keyboard or other forms. However, from now on, the iPhone OS system still has many defects, such as no app store (the concept of app store did not exist at that time) and no screenshots. But Apple’s first generation operating system has shown great potential. The latest version number of iPhone OS system is 1.1.5, and the second generation iPhone OS 2 system was released after approval.

iPhone OS 2

Apple’s iPhone OS 2 system debuted in 2008 and filled many functional gaps in the previous generation system. One of the most important changes is the App Store, which allows the first generation of iPhone and iPhone 3G users to download and install applications and games. Of course, many other new functions have been added to the iPhone OS 2 system, such as independent contact application (the previous generation contact application was designed in dial-up application), global search function and scientific calculator with more functions, and users can also solve some more complicated problems through the iPhone OS 2 system.

iPhone OS 3（iOS 3）

In 2009, Apple released the third version of the mobile operating system. Although this system is not groundbreaking, it has brought a lot of functions that we are very familiar with today. Among them, the most popular ones are video recording, video editing, MMS messages, voice commands (supporting iPhone 3Gs), copy and paste, Spotlight search, horizontal keyboard for email and messages, and some default applications. Including voice memos, compasses and so on. In addition, because Apple’s first generation iPad tablet was released in 2010 and used the same platform as iPhone, Apple had to rename its mobile operating system later. Therefore, starting from the iPhone OS version 3.2, we finally ushered in the iOS system.

iOS 4

IOS 4 came out in mid-2010, which brought some new changes to the whole platform. Among them, the most important thing is to support custom wallpaper and multi-tasking function, while multi-tasking already existed in many competitors at that time. At the same time, iOS 4 system has added more transitional animation effects than its predecessor, as well as automatic keyboard correction function, unified email inbox and Exchange service support. In addition to becoming the most advanced operating system at that time, iOS 4 was also the first system version that began to "abandon" its old devices. At that time, the first generation of iPhone did not support the upgrade of iOS 4, and the last version of iOS 4.2.1 also supported the second generation of iPhone 3G.

iOS 5

IOS 5 system was released in 2011, and brought more than 200 new features, which is absolutely an amazing number, and it also includes many major functions. For example, notification center, Siri voice assistant, iMessage, iCloud, system universal dictionary, deeply integrated Twitter, game center and so on. In addition, the default Safari browser of the system also includes reading mode, including multi-tags and reading list.

In addition, mail and camera applications have also ushered in some changes, and iOS 5 has also added a number of new system pre-installed applications, including iBook can subscribe to different online magazines or newspapers, as well as the optimization of reminder and mail functions. In addition, iOS 5 is also the first system that supports users to upgrade wirelessly through OTA. Overall, iOS 5 can basically be regarded as one of the biggest changes in the iOS system so far.

iOS 6

IOS 6 was released in 2012, and a series of improvements were made to iOS 5. Including smarter Siri (which can provide more detailed information including movies, competitions, restaurants and applications), deeply integrated Facebook (which can share maps and picture data directly in applications), brand-new Apple Maps (which was not very successful at first), quick reply by hanging up the phone, do not disturb mode, Passbook (saving boarding passes and coupons), improved Safari browser (supporting offline reading), photo stream and improved email application.

Previously, Google services integrated by iOS system disappeared in iOS 6, such as Google Maps and YouTube. Undoubtedly, Apple’s move aims to further reduce its dependence on Google’s business (of course, users can still download these two applications in the App Store). Finally, the iOS 6 system also introduced a large number of privacy settings, allowing users to have greater rights in privacy settings.

iOS 7

Almost from the first generation of iPhone OS system, Apple’s mobile operating system looks very similar in style, and this simulated design has a unified style in interface, icons and typesetting. However, since iOS 7, Apple has completely subverted the design of the iOS system and brought a new look. Compared with before, iOS 7 is more vivid and lively. The flat style first appeared in the iOS system, giving up the previous style concept.

In addition to the great changes in visual effects, iOS 7 has also brought a lot of new features. Including control center, notification center preview, improved multitasking, enhanced photo application, AirDrop, improved Safari (full-screen browsing and tabs up and down), iTunes broadcasting, Siri sound improvement, contacts, calendar and weather application improvement, etc.

In addition, the camera application in iOS 7 has also added continuous shooting and slow-motion video functions, and it can support up to 120fps quality. At the same time, the album has also added some classification functions, and don’t forget that there is also a square photo shooting function that supports Instagram style.

iOS 8

Apple’s latest generation of iOS 8 was released in mid-2014, which can be regarded as Apple’s most open generation system so far. IOS 8 has added support for third-party input methods and widget functions of the notification center, and the addition of these functions makes the iOS system make up for the gap with the Android system.

In other improvements, iOS 8 has added new interactive functions in the notification center, including mute and quick reply, and the multi-tasking interface has become more user-friendly. In addition to supporting the third-party input method mentioned above, iOS 8 also introduces the input suggestion function of words and phrases. In addition, the improved Spotlight search function also greatly improves the usability.

Finally, the new system has further improved the photo application and Siri voice assistant (supporting seamless integration into OS X Yosemite system), as well as the ambitious new plan of HealthKit. It can integrate all data related to fitness and health and carry a new big data platform.

Author: Cui Shuhong (Director, Department of Natural Ecological Protection, Ministry of Ecology and Environment)　

　　Lead: Deeply influenced by modern aesthetics, most people think that a good figure is equal to being thin. Girls who are really thinner look better in clothes. But if you want to be a walking clothes rack, it is more important than being thin to have a good figure. Only by meeting these two conditions can you be considered a really good figure. (Source: Poster Fashion Network)

　　Walking in the street, the little fairy’s children’s clothes are getting thinner and their skirts are getting shorter and shorter. Yes, it’s true that summer is coming when they can show off their bodies. Influenced by modern aesthetics, most people think that a good figure is equal to "thinness". Seal Jun doesn’t deny that girls who are really thinner look better dressed. But if you want to be a walking clothes rack, it is more important than being thin to have a good figure. Only by meeting these two conditions can you be considered a really good figure.

　　Female stars in the entertainment circle are very strict about body management, so many of them have enviable bodies, and Dilraba is one of them.

　　I still remember that not long ago, Dilraba, who has always been "conservative" in dressing, chose a sexy golden deep V suspender dress to attend the event, showing off a career line and charmed a group of people by the way. Let many netizens call, it turns out that Miss Reba has such a good figure, big chest, thin waist and rich buttocks, which is really super sexy.

　　Usually, Reba’s private clothes are mostly loose casual clothes, which makes people ignore her sexy figure. Her sexy S-shaped figure can be seen at a glance when she wears a formal dress or clothes that test her figure.

　　For example, this kind of slim hip dress, which is very difficult to control, is definitely a minefield for ordinary people, but it is a weapon to show charm here in Reba.

　　In addition to Reba, NiNi’s figure is so good that people want to lick the screen. Before that, the group of photos of sequins and red skirts that burst into red were really amazing. A sequined red dress with a backless cut outlines her graceful figure curve. The psychedelic light and shadow look sexy and charming, and the seal gentleman who is a girl is very moved.

　　After licking the screen, let’s get back to the topic. I want to tell you that the law of good figure is actually traceable.

　　Rule one of good figure: have a good figure.

　　Of the five body shapes in this picture, which one do you think is the best? Not surprisingly, most people will choose the third one, which is the hourglass shape. Yes, Reba and NiNi are also of this type.

　　What kind of figure can be called an hourglass figure?

　　The hourglass figure is characterized by a large chest, a thin waist, a hip breadth and full thighs, and it is a perfect figure with a graceful waist and hip line. Here, the waist-hip ratio is an important indicator to measure whether it is an hourglass figure.

　　The perfect value of women’s waist-hip ratio is about 0.78, and Reba and NiNi meet the requirements very well. Their waists are slim, and there is no fat in their waists and bellies, and their hips are full and stiff. Such hips are not only sexy, but also show their legs.

　　Gulnazar also belongs to a little fairy with a proud figure. A fairy dress in Cannes attracted countless netizens to Call her. However, Naza’s figure has a small shortcoming, that is, her hips are too flat, especially when wearing a hip-wrapped skirt, and her hips have no support at all to explain the beauty that she should have.

　　Moreover, this hip shape will make our body’s center of gravity move down and make our legs short. However, Naza’s skin is white and beautiful, and she has long legs. It doesn’t matter much to pay attention to strengths and weaknesses when wearing clothes.

　　Rule 2 of good figure: have the best body fat ratio

　　In addition to body shape, "thinness" is indeed one of the criteria for measuring body shape, but the way to measure thinness here is not to look at weight, but to look at body fat ratio. The normal body fat ratio of adult women is 20% ~ 25%, but in order to have a good figure, the body fat should be slightly lower. Under the condition of ensuring health, girls’ body fat is 18%-20%.

　　People with the same weight and lower body fat ratio will look thinner and have a more compact and slender figure. If you just lose weight blindly, it will inevitably look unhealthy and unattractive.

　　Zhao Liying is a person who is very strict with her body management, so she has been losing weight before, and the slimming effect is super obvious. But when wearing some strapless clothes, people will feel a little sorry for her, which is really too thin. It will also make people feel a little out of proportion, like a real-life version of the big-headed doll.

　　Rule 3 of good figure: charming shoulder line

　　If you look closely, you will also find that people with good looks usually have charming shoulder lines, with flat and thin shoulders and no fat on their arms. It seems that the shoulders are very tall and straight, very energetic, and can Hold all kinds of clothes.

　　Seeing this, you may want to say that these conditions are too harsh. People who can have such a perfect figure are probably blessed with food. Of course, some people are born with a good figure ratio, but in this highly efficient era, nothing can’t be achieved by hard work. Through exercise, we can improve our buttocks, waist and abdomen and shoulders, and we can also have a proud figure.

　　Leg lift and belly roll, so that you can reap the golden waist-hip ratio.

　　If you want to have a golden ratio of waist to hip, of course, you should start from two aspects: thin waist and hip lifting.

　　Thin waist can do this.

　　Standard belly roll practice:

　　Lie flat on the yoga mat, bend your knees 90 degrees, put your feet flat on the yoga mat, and put your hands on the front of your thighs; Exhale when rolling up, feel the squeeze of the abdomen, and move your hands up until you grasp the whole knee; Inhale when falling, control the abdominal muscles to slowly lower the upper body, loosen the knees with both hands, and follow the body back to the initial action.

　　It is also necessary to pay attention to doing belly roll, keep a fist distance between your legs, and don’t abduct or buckle inside; The neck is kept in a normal neutral position, and the jaw is slightly retracted; Don’t leave the ground at the waist; Pay attention to pause at the highest point of the rolled-up body and feel the static stimulation of the abdominal muscles.

　　You can do this when you practice peaches.

　　Action one:

　　Step1: Kneel your legs, hold your hands shoulder width apart, and keep your upper body parallel to the ground;

　　Step2: Stretch your right leg backward, lift it up twice in a parallel state by using hip strength, and then take it back the same way;

　　Step3: Keep your hands supporting the ground, and your hips should be retracted as far as possible, so that the whole person forms a forward-flapping state and stretches your hips and thighs;

　　Step4: Repeat Step2, and change the left leg after 10 times.

　　Action 2:

　　Step1: first put a dry towel under your right foot, then bend your knees slightly, hold your hands on your chest, and stand with your upper body leaning forward 30 degrees;

　　Step2: Push the right foot with towel backwards, and squat down at the same time. When the left thigh is approximately parallel to the ground, use hip strength to recover the right leg;

　　Step3: Repeat this action for 8 to 10 times and then change the left leg.

　　5 GIFs to help you develop charming shoulder lines.

　　After exercising the waist, abdomen and buttocks, the body fat ratio will not be too bad, and the rest is the shoulders. Here is a set of thin back exercises that can improve hunchback and thin shoulders. Let’s learn them together.

　　Action one:

　　Lie on the yoga mat, with your abdomen close to the ground, and lift your arms and legs up at the same time. Pay attention to lifting your arms and legs through your back and abdomen instead of relying on your waist. Repeat the whole action for 40 seconds.

　　Action 2:

　　Lie on the yoga mat, with your abdomen close to the ground, and lift your arms and legs crosswise. It is the same as the first action. It is necessary to pay attention to lifting your arms and legs through your back and abdomen instead of relying on your waist strength. The whole action is repeated for 40 seconds.

　　Action 3:

　　Similarly, lie on the yoga mat and lift your arms and legs up quickly, without touching the ground. Then keep your legs up, and your arms slowly move from front to back by relying on your back strength. Repeat the whole routine for 40 seconds.

　　Tips: These three movements are from simple to difficult, so you can practice from the first one. You can also keep your legs on the ground first, and only do back movements to slowly improve the difficulty.

　　Action 4:

　　Kneel on your knees, hold the ground with one hand, hold the dumbbell with the other hand, and pull up the dumbbell with the strength of your back for 40 seconds on both sides.

　　Action 5:

　　Sit cross-legged on the ground, hold dumbbells in both hands, slowly lift dumbbells with back strength, and repeat the action for 40 seconds.

　　Tips: You can use other weights instead of dumbbells, such as mineral water bottles filled with water.