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After the resumption of the Fed’s three interest rate hikes, the global stock market has a high probability of falling first and then rising

This article is transferred from: Securities Times
Securities Times reporter Chen Jiannan
Recently, there has been a wave of correction in global stock markets. The market generally believes that this is similar to the reason for the adjustment in the first quarter of last year, that is, the interest rate of the 10-year US Treasury bonds rose rapidly, and the expectation of raising interest rates was strong, which triggered market adjustment.
How does the Fed’s interest rate hike affect global asset pricing and A-shares?
Data Bao found that the global stock market often fell first and then rose during the Fed’s interest rate hike cycle, while the performance of A-share market was relatively independent.
Since the 20th century, the Federal Reserve has experienced three interest rate increase cycles. The first interest rate hike cycle was from June 1996 to May 2000. The background of interest rate hike was mainly to curb the Internet bubble, and the benchmark interest rate was raised from 4.75% to 6.5%. The second interest rate hike cycle was from June 2004 to June 2006, and the benchmark interest rate was raised from 1% to 5.25%. The interest rate hike was mainly aimed at the real estate bubble at that time. The third interest rate hike cycle is from December 2015 to December 2018, and the benchmark interest rate is raised from 0.25% to 2.5%. The background of interest rate hike is mainly the normalization of monetary policy.
In the third interest rate hike cycle, active table shrinkage was also implemented, which was discussed in March 2017, the table shrinkage plan was given in June, announced in September, and implemented in October. That is to say, table shrinkage and interest rate hike were carried out at the same time in the last interest rate hike cycle. The specific time point and rhythm were: guiding Taper (reducing asset purchase) in May 2013, Taper in 2014, and raising interest rates for the first time in December 2015. In December 2016, it raised interest rates for the second time. After raising interest rates twice in March and June 2017, in September 2017, it was announced that it would shrink from October of that year. In December 2017, it continued to raise interest rates. In 2018, it raised interest rates four times to shrink the table synchronously, and ended the tightening in 2019.
It is only a matter of time before the Fed raises interest rates.
There is a lot of evidence that the Fed’s interest rate hike is imminent. The minutes of the December meeting of the Federal Reserve released on January 5, 2022 indicated that the job market was "very tense" and the current inflation was serious. The decision makers of the central bank may ask the Federal Reserve Board to raise interest rates in advance and start to reduce its total assets.
In addition, since December 2021, the yield of US bonds has risen rapidly. The data shows that the yield of 10-year US Treasury bonds has increased by nearly 30 basis points since the end of last year, reflecting the expectation of market participants to start raising interest rates earlier and digest them at a faster speed.
Bank of Communications predicts that quantitative easing will end by March 2022. After the end of Taper, the Fed may start the process of raising interest rates in due course, and may raise interest rates three times in 2022.
It may be just a matter of time before the Fed raises interest rates. On the whole, the Fed is indeed facing inflationary pressure at present, but the data of consumption, employment and production in the same period reflect that the economic recovery is not sufficient and the conditions for raising interest rates are not fully met. Bank of Communications believes that whether and when to raise interest rates will depend on the inflation and employment situation in the United States.
Short-term obvious impact on global stock markets
How does the Fed’s interest rate hike affect global asset pricing? Theoretically, most central banks will have to follow the Fed’s interest rate hike to protect the exchange rate, which will have a short-term impact on the stock market. With the continuous promotion of the interest rate hike cycle, the market’s sensitivity to interest rates has decreased, and the stock market has also begun to bottom out. The above conduction mechanism is also confirmed to some extent by the resumption of the disk.
According to statistics, the 16 major stock indexes in the world rose by 13.71% on average one month before the first interest rate hike cycle of the Federal Reserve. One month before the second interest rate hike cycle, the world’s major stock indexes fell by an average of 1.18%; One month before the third interest rate hike cycle, the world’s major stock indexes fell by an average of 0.82%.
Immediately after the start of the first interest rate hike cycle, the Federal Reserve reversed the upward trend of global stock markets, and the major global stock indexes fell by more than 3% on average the following month. The short-term negative impact of the second interest rate hike cycle is more obvious. The major global stock indexes fell by nearly 10% on average in the second month of interest rate hike. In the third rate hike cycle, the average rate hike in the next month fell by more than 2%.
It can be seen that before the Fed raised interest rates, it had little impact on the market, and after the interest rate hike, it obviously impacted the global stock market in the short term.
The probability of full-cycle rise is high.
From the perspective of the whole cycle, during the first three interest rate hike cycles of the Federal Reserve, US stocks, European stocks, Hong Kong stocks and emerging market stocks rose to varying degrees, indicating that interest rate hikes have obviously impacted the stock market in the short term, but it is difficult to change the long-term upward trend of assets.
According to statistics, the first Fed rate hike cycle, that is, from June 1996 to May 2000, the average increase of major global stock indexes was close to 15%. During the second interest rate hike cycle, the average increase of major global stock indexes was close to 43%; During the third interest rate hike cycle, the average increase of major global stock indexes was close to 17%.
However, we should also note that this Fed rate hike is likely to start raising interest rates and shrinking the table at the same time as from 2015 to 2018, which may lead to greater fluctuations in asset prices. The data shows that in the last interest rate hike cycle, the Dow Jones Industrial Average experienced large fluctuations in 2015 and 2018, which were different from those in ordinary years. The history in the stock market will repeat itself, but it is by no means a simple repetition. The impact of the Fed’s three interest rate hike cycles on the global stock market cannot be simply copied to the new era. In order to make a more comprehensive analysis and comparison, we may wish to compare the valuation of the latest interest rate hike cycle with the current time.
According to statistics, the rolling P/E ratio of the Dow Jones Industrial Average was 18.36 times on the first day of the third interest rate hike cycle, ranking 74% of the P/E ratio quantile since 2000. Nasdaq’s rolling P/E ratio is 31.84 times, accounting for 41.46% of the P/E ratio quantile since 2000. The latest data shows that the Dow’s P/E ratio is 24.87 times, accounting for 92.92% of the P/E ratio quantile since 2000. Nasdaq’s P/E ratio is 36.01 times, accounting for 56.74% of the P/E ratio since 2000.
From this point of view, the current valuation of US stocks is at a relatively high historical level.
The performance of A-share market is relatively independent.
On the whole, the previous three Fed interest rate hike cycles had no significant impact on the major stock indexes of global stock markets before the interest rate hike, but had a significant impact on global stock markets after the interest rate hike. Then, what is the impact of the Fed’s interest rate hike cycle on the A-share market?
The data shows that the Shanghai Composite Index and Shenzhen Component Index led the gains one month before the first rate hike cycle of the Federal Reserve, and led the declines one month after the first rate hike. In addition, the performance of the Shanghai and Shenzhen stock indexes in the second interest rate hike cycle and the third interest rate hike cycle is not synchronized with the global stock market. Looking at the whole cycle, the Federal Reserve raised interest rates for the first time and the third time, and both the Shanghai and Shenzhen indices fell.
It can be seen that the performance of the A-share market has followed its own laws in the previous three Fed interest rate hike cycles. The market generally believes that the root of the more independent performance of A-shares lies in the fact that China is still a country with foreign exchange control, and there is no condition for large-scale import and export of assets, which fundamentally determines that the Fed’s interest rate hike will not have a great impact on the stock market.
The current relatively high valuation of the US stock market is also different from the previous interest rate hike cycle, and in the face of the upcoming interest rate hike cycle, it may also increase the volatility of US stocks. The policy orientation of the Federal Reserve affects the monetary policy of global central banks. With the gradual integration of the A-share market into the world, it is bound to be more or less affected by this. At the same time, however, it should be noted that A-shares are more influenced by the domestic market and relatively more independent, whether in terms of capital or fundamentals.
The trend of monetary policy also determines that A shares are expected to be more independent of the global market. On January 17th, the one-year MLF interest rate and the seven-day OMO interest rate were all lowered by 10BP. On January 20th, the central bank announced that the quoted interest rate (LPR) of China’s one-year loan market in January was 3.7%, compared with 3.80% last month. The quoted market interest rate (LPR) of 5-year loans was 4.6%, compared with 4.65% last month. Bank of China Securities believes that the trend of wide credit is further clarified.
The relative valuation of the A-share market also helps to maintain stability in possible global market fluctuations. According to statistics, the rolling P/E ratio of the Shanghai Composite Index is 13.61 times, which is relatively low in the global stock market, accounting for 25.41% of the P/E ratio quantile since 2000.
The probability of A-share trend independence is high, but the performance of each sector may be divided. Taking history as a mirror, the impact of the Fed’s interest rate hike cycle on the growth sector with high valuation is more obvious. The data shows that one month after the first rate hike in the second rate hike cycle, the Nasdaq fell by more than 11%, exceeding the Dow; One month after the first interest rate hike in the second interest rate hike cycle, the Nasdaq fell by more than 4 percentage points.
Under the background that the valuation of A shares is at a relatively low historical level, the value sector of A shares may also be stronger than the growth sector. Since January this year, the Shanghai Composite Index has fallen by more than 2%, and the Growth Enterprise Market Index has fallen by more than 7%.
In the third interest rate hike cycle, the value sector of A shares also performed significantly better. Among them, one month after the first interest rate hike in the third cycle, the value sectors such as banks, steel and coal were the most resistant. In the whole interest rate hike cycle, the two major consumer sectors, food, beverage and household appliances, rose against the market, with banks, steel, coal and other sectors showing the most resilience. The growth sector performed poorly, with media, environmental protection, computers and other sectors leading the decline.
(The thematic data of this edition is provided by the database of Securities Times Center.)
Reporting/feedback

The 30-year reunion of Cass San Diego in Alien touched by memories.

Bill paxton, James Cameron, Gale Anne Hurd, sigourney weaver and other masters created the reunion comic exhibition.

　

1905 movie network news There are many scenes of Cass reunions at this year’s San Diego Comic Con, such as the re-released version of Mi Shuai and dominic purcell who plays his brother. But no American TV series or movie can bring you great emotion like this.

After 30 years, the card god is white-haired and everyone is old, but their memories have not faded.

　

Alien, released in 1986, won two Oscar technical awards, including best visual effects and best visual editing, and the heroine sigourney weaver was nominated for best actress.

　

Card god looked at several familiar faces on the stage and was deeply moved. Over 60 years old, he said with emotion: "The moment to prove the value of this film is at this moment."

　

At that time, the biggest breakthrough of Alien was that Cameron added his own humanistic elements to the original classic of ridley scott in 1979. The character Ripley played by Ginny Weaver was more powerful than in the first episode, and the character’s struggle in the past was also very touching. Coupled with a lot of gun battles and explosions, the whole movie not only explained the emergence of Alien, but also made the audience deeply remember the protagonists.

　

In January, 2015, director neill blomkamp released a series of special-shaped concept maps, which seemed to be independent films. However, this rumor has not been recognized by Fox Pictures or Card God.

　

Ginny Weaver said, "I like neill blomkamp very much, but even if there is Alien 5, I won’t play it, because for me, it’s already finished."

Concept map created by blom Kemp

　

Regarding the sequel to Alien that blom Kemp may shoot and the prequel that Scott is shooting, he said, "blom Kemp explained his thoughts on the sequel to me, and I think he can finish the preparatory work immediately. It will be a very postmodern alien, but I don’t know their story at all, but I like that to some extent, the two films can form a parallel space, not completely independent."

Ka Shen, a professional sequel, also revealed: "Making a good sequel requires the director to find a very appropriate balance point, which is between innovation and nostalgia. The sequel story can neither be too regular nor too biased, which will kill the audience."

　

At present, Cameron is busy filming and making the next four sequels. For Alien, Ka Shen holds an attitude that it is better to miss each other than to meet each other.

National Energy Administration： Carry out special supervision and inspection of power safety production.

　　Cctv newsOn October 11th, the website of the National Energy Administration reported that recently, the General Department of the Bureau issued the Notice on Carrying out Special Supervision and Inspection of Electric Power Safety Production, which pointed out that there have been many accidents of personal injury and death in the electric power industry recently, which exposed some problems such as the weak establishment of the concept of safety development, the failure to implement the main responsibility of safety production, the failure to carry out special rectification of safety production, the failure to implement the construction of security team, the imperfect double prevention mechanism and the insufficient emergency handling capacity. In order to further strengthen the supervision of power safety and promote the stable and good situation of power safety production, it is decided to carry out special supervision and inspection of power safety production.

　　Attached to the original:

　　Recently, there have been many accidents of personal injury and death in the power industry, which have exposed some problems such as the unstable establishment of the concept of safe development, the failure to implement the main responsibility of safety production, the failure to carry out special rectification of safety production, the failure to implement the construction of security team, the imperfect double prevention mechanism, and the lack of emergency handling capacity. In order to further strengthen the power safety supervision and promote the stable situation of power safety production, it is decided to carry out special supervision and inspection of power safety production, and the relevant matters are hereby notified as follows.

　　First, the overall goal

　　Thoroughly implement the spirit of the important exposition of the Supreme Leader General Secretary on safety production, supervise and guide all units to firmly establish the development concept of "people first, life first", strictly implement the major decision-making arrangements of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council, adhere to the working idea of "safety is technology, safety is management, safety is culture and safety is responsibility", fully implement the main responsibility of enterprise safety production, continuously strengthen and improve safety production work, and prevent and contain all kinds of accidents.

　　Second, the main task

　　(1) Scope of inspection

　　Electric power enterprises such as electric power construction, production and operation, maintenance and repair, and technical transformation.

　　(2) Inspection method

　　This supervision and inspection adopts a combination of enterprise self-inspection and on-site verification. First, all units carry out comprehensive self-inspection, and then the National Energy Administration organizes working groups to go to various provinces to carry out key verification and random inspection.

　　(3) Inspection contents

　　1. General key inspection contents

　　The study and implementation of the spirit of the important exposition on safety production by the Supreme Leader General Secretary; Study and dissemination of the new version of the Safety Production Law; Implementation of safety production regulations and policy documents; The sound implementation of the responsibility system for production safety; The main person in charge of the enterprise and the members of the team perform their duties; The establishment and operation of the enterprise safety production committee; The establishment and operation of the safety production management organization; The availability of safety management personnel and their matching with the needs of production; Construction of dual prevention mechanism; The implementation of the work requirements of the "quarterly weekly meeting" for power safety risk management and control; The progress of the task of focusing on tackling key problems in the three-year special rectification of power safety production; Development of safety education and training; Development of standardization of production safety; Construction of electric power enterprises in security team; The implementation of "two votes and three systems"; Implementation of operation safety measures; Implementation of the monitoring system on the job site; The outsourcing project is included in the unified management of the safety production system of the unit; Emergency capacity building, plan system improvement and drills; Management of full extraction and use of safety expenses; Investigation and management of hidden dangers; Management and control of major hazard sources; The formulation and implementation of the work plan for ensuring power supply during peak winter; The implementation of seasonal work requirements such as cold prevention, antifreeze and fire prevention; The implementation of the duty-on-duty and leadership shift system in important periods; Compliance of production safety information submission and accident report; Power accident case notification learning and control inspection; "three violations"Behavior investigation; Safety production supervision and discipline, assessment, accountability, etc.

　　2. Key inspection contents in various professional fields

　　(1) Power grid enterprises

　　Operation risk analysis of power grid under the jurisdiction of peak winter and the formulation and implementation of early warning and pre-control measures; Arrangement of inspection of substations (converter stations) and transmission lines, especially hub stations, heavy-duty equipment and dense transmission channels; Formulation and implementation of measures for preventing cold and freezing, pollution flashover, small animals, fire and explosion of substation equipment; The formulation and implementation of measures to prevent icing, wind deviation, dancing and mountain fire on the line; Annual power outage plan, production overhaul and technical transformation plan; The implementation of early warning and accident prevention measures for high-risk operations and special operation modes of power grid; Establishment of distribution line operation list and safety risk management and control; Safety management of new energy storage facilities and equipment; Secondary system and network security risk investigation and measures implementation.

　　(2) Thermal power enterprises

　　Implementation of unit equipment maintenance plan; Safety risk management and control of defect elimination, maintenance and technical transformation; Implementation of safety measures for high-risk operations such as live working, working under pressure, working at height and working in confined space; Treatment of leakage in boiler anti-wear and explosion-proof, coal conveying and pulverizing, desulfurization and dust removal systems; The development of technical supervision; Management and control of major hazard sources in liquid ammonia tank farm; Procurement and storage of coal, gas, liquid ammonia and other bulk materials and the formulation of emergency plans; Safety management of fuel transportation, ash removal and slag removal; Implementation of freezing measures for receiving and unloading frozen coal and loading coal in winter; The implementation of measures to deal with the influence of inferior coal mixed combustion on unit equipment; Implementation of technical measures to prevent coking and ash accumulation in boilers; Safety assessment and hidden danger management of ash storage yard; Equipment and use management of safety instruments and labor protection articles; Security funds and maintenance costs.

　　(3) Hydropower enterprises

　　Timeliness of application for dam safety registration and filing; The implementation of the rectification of problems found in dam safety registration and regular inspection; Operation and management of dam safety monitoring equipment; Construction of dam safety online monitoring system; Treatment of hidden dangers of dam engineering defects; Risk investigation and control of geological disasters within the power station hub; Flood prevention preparation, response and disposal, post-flood inspection and evaluation of power stations; Operation of hydraulic structures and restoration of water-damaged projects; Development of planned maintenance of hydropower units; Check the implementation of safety measures at the technical transformation site.

　　(4) New energy power generation enterprises

　　Clear division of safety responsibilities of the entrusted operation management station; The management of "two votes" under production methods such as "integrated operation and maintenance" and centralized monitoring; Safety evaluation and management of grid connection of the project; Formulation and implementation of anti-pollution flashover measures for station equipment and anti-freezing measures for outdoor equipment; Fire prevention inspection in autumn and winter and the formulation and implementation of pre-control measures; Formulation and implementation of icing prevention measures for components, blades and lines; Safety education and technical disclosure of maintenance team; Management of tower climbing operation, engine room operation, engine room top operation, hydraulic operation and wheel hub operation; Safety management of new energy storage facilities and equipment and implementation of measures.

　　(5) Nuclear power enterprises (conventional island part)

　　Lessons learned and experience feedback of unplanned shutdown events of nuclear power since this year; Formulation, implementation and evaluation of cold source management measures for nuclear power plants; Implementation of cold and antifreeze measures for outdoor equipment and facilities; Daily defect elimination management of nuclear power units and follow-up analysis of hidden dangers; Investigation and treatment of hidden dangers in electrical systems such as generators, excitation systems and booster stations; Important protection switching management and important logic transmission test; Training situation of nuclear power professionals.

　　(6) Electric Power Construction Project

　　Determination, adjustment and implementation of the construction period; Qualification examination of contractors; Safety management and control of dangerous partial projects; Implementation of operation safety measures such as lifting, high altitude, limb, hot work, crossing and limited space; Safety management of temporary electricity use; Safe production of hazardous chemicals; Safety supervision and inspection of other contractors by the construction unit; Engineering quality supervision.

　　Third, the time schedule

　　(1) Enterprise self-inspection stage (October 10th — November 10)

　　All electric power enterprises should immediately mobilize and deploy, formulate specific implementation plans, clarify the division of responsibilities and work steps, and organize full-time, whole-process and all-round self-examination and self-correction according to the key inspection contents specified in this plan and the actual situation of the enterprise. For the problems found in self-inspection, we must strictly implement the responsibilities, measures and funds for rectification, promptly and thoroughly rectify them in place, and resolutely realize closed-loop management of problems. All enterprise members of the National Electricity Safety Committee will report their self-examination and rectification to the Electricity Safety Supervision Department of the National Energy Administration before November 10.

　　(2) Supervision and verification stage (November 10th — December 10)

　　The Department of Electric Safety Supervision of the National Energy Administration, together with relevant agencies, set up a supervision and verification working group to focus on the verification of enterprises that have had accidents, chaotic safety management and prominent potential risks since this year, and adopted the "four noes and two straights" method to select some enterprises for random spot checks, and to investigate the responsibilities of relevant responsible persons for problems found in violation of laws and regulations and ineffective performance of duties according to laws and regulations. Each verification working group shall submit the supervision and verification report of this group to the electric power safety supervision department of the National Energy Administration before December 10th.

　　(3) Summarize the promotion stage (December 11th — December 25)

　　All electric power enterprises comprehensively summarize and analyze this special action, formulate detailed rectification plans for the problems and hidden dangers found, rectify and implement them one by one, and draw inferences from others in the enterprise system to continuously improve the safety management level. The National Energy Administration systematically analyzes and sorts out the self-inspection, supervision and verification of enterprises and the problems found, forms a summary of the national special supervision and inspection of electric power safety production, and discloses the main problems.

　　Four, supervision and verification work arrangements

　　A total of 10 supervision and verification working groups are formed (the grouping situation will be notified separately), and each working group consists of 1 team leader, 3 ~ 4 members and 2 ~ 4 experts. The leader is the responsible comrades of the Electric Safety Supervision Department of the National Energy Administration, the Regional Supervision Bureau, the Dam Center and the Reliability and Quality Supervision Center, who are fully responsible for the supervision and verification work of this group, coordinate and handle major issues in the supervision and verification, and organize the drafting, examination and approval of the supervision and verification work plan and summary report; Members and experts of the working group shall carry out specific work according to the work plan and the requirements of the team leader. Each working group selects at least five electric power enterprises in each province to carry out verification, and makes overall balance on the categories (power supply, power grid, construction projects), levels (group headquarters, molecular companies, grass-roots enterprises) and subordinate (centrally managed enterprises, local electric power enterprises) of all enterprises verified.

　　V. Job Requirements

　　(a) to strengthen organizational leadership, highlighting the effectiveness of action. All units should attach great importance to this special supervision and inspection, and the main person in charge of the enterprise should personally organize the formulation of the work plan and make careful arrangements. According to the actual situation of the unit, we should identify the weak links of safety management, systematically identify the hidden dangers of safety risks such as people, machines, environment and pipes, take measures to thoroughly rectify them, ensure that the self-inspection does not go through the motions and leave no dead ends, and take this special supervision and inspection of power safety production as an opportunity to further strengthen safety management and consolidate the foundation of safety production.

　　(two) actively cooperate with the inspection, the implementation of the rectification closed loop. All electric power enterprises should actively cooperate with the supervision and verification, provide relevant data files in a timely manner, truthfully answer the verification inquiries, and establish and reform the problems found in the supervision and verification; If it cannot be rectified immediately, it is necessary to list the plans for rectification within a time limit; If there are major problems and safety in production cannot be guaranteed, it is necessary to stop production immediately, and formulate and implement control measures to effectively prevent problems from turning into hidden dangers and hidden dangers from deteriorating into accidents.

　　(3) Strengthen responsibility and strictly supervise law enforcement. All supervision and verification working groups should strictly follow the work requirements of "four noes and two straights", flexibly use unannounced visits, surprise inspections, etc., and conscientiously complete various tasks. It is necessary to strictly inspect law enforcement, and take measures such as issuing rectification notices, supervising interviews, stopping production for rectification, and administrative penalties for potential risks found.

　　(four) do a good job in epidemic prevention and control, strictly abide by the discipline of clean government. All supervision and verification working groups should strictly implement the requirements of local epidemic prevention and control work and do their own epidemic prevention and control measures; It is necessary to strictly implement the spirit of the "eight regulations" of the central government, strictly observe work discipline, and ensure that special supervision and inspection work is carried out in an orderly and efficient manner.

　　Contact: Xue Xiaobin

　　Contact information: 010-81929634, 010-81929600 (fax)

　　Email: fdsafety@163.com

The flu season has arrived, please pay attention to these 8 categories of people →

Autumn and winter seasons alternate.

The temperature changes greatly

Influenza enters high season.

Influenza (referred to as "influenza") is an acute respiratory infectious disease caused by influenza virus, which is harmful to human health. People are generally susceptible to influenza virus. High-risk groups such as pregnant women, infants, the elderly and patients with chronic diseases are more harmful after being infected with influenza. Places where people gather, such as schools, kindergartens and nursing homes, are prone to influenza outbreaks.

In order to better guide the prevention and control of influenza and the use of vaccines in China, the Influenza Vaccine Working Group of the National Immunization Planning Technical Working Group collected and sorted out the latest research progress at home and abroad, updated and revised on the basis of the 2022 edition of the guidelines, and formed the Technical Guide for Influenza Vaccine Vaccination in China (2023-2024).

Etiological basis and clinical symptoms

Influenza virus belongs to orthomyxoviridae and is a single-stranded, negative-stranded and segmented RNA virus. According to virus nucleoprotein and matrix protein, it can be divided into four types: A, B, C and D (or A, B, C and D).

Influenza infection mainly starts with fever, headache, myalgia and general malaise. The body temperature can reach 39 ~ 40℃, and there may be chills, chills, sore muscles and joints, fatigue, loss of appetite and other systemic symptoms, such as sore throat, dry cough, nasal congestion, runny nose, post-sternal discomfort, facial flushing, conjunctival congestion and so on. Some patients have mild or no symptoms.

Epidemiological characteristics

Influenza patients and asymptomatic infected people are the main sources of seasonal influenza infection. Influenza is mainly transmitted through respiratory droplets, and can also be directly or indirectly infected through oral cavity, nasal cavity, eyes and other mucous membranes. People are generally susceptible. Studies show that the common incubation period of influenza virus is 1-4 days, mostly 2 days, and infected people can excrete the virus 1-2 days before clinical symptoms appear.

Recommended population for influenza vaccine

The Guide recommends that all people who are ≥6 months old and have no contraindications for vaccination should be vaccinated against influenza. Combined with the epidemic situation of influenza and the prevention and control strategy of multi-disease prevention, the harm of influenza is reduced as much as possible, and the following key and high-risk groups are recommended to be vaccinated in time:

Medical personnel, including clinical rescue personnel, public health personnel, health quarantine personnel, etc.;

Older people aged 60 and over;

People suffering from one or more chronic diseases;

Vulnerable people and employees in old-age care institutions, long-term care institutions, welfare homes and other crowd gathering places;

Pregnant women;

Children aged 6-59 months;

Family members and caregivers of infants under 6 months old;

People in key places such as kindergartens, primary and secondary schools, and supervision places.

Selection of influenza vaccine

Influenza vaccines include inactivated vaccine and attenuated live vaccine. People without special contraindications can voluntarily get any kind of influenza vaccine from any manufacturer. The specifications and applicable population of influenza vaccine are shown in the following figure:

Advice on influenza vaccination

Suggestions on inoculants:

According to the Guide, for inactivated influenza virus vaccines:

Children from 6 months to 8 years old, if they have not been vaccinated against influenza before, should be vaccinated twice for the first time with an interval of ≥4 weeks;

In 2022-2023 or before, one dose or more of influenza vaccine will be vaccinated;

Children and adults aged 9 years and above need only be vaccinated once regardless of whether they have been vaccinated with influenza before.

For live attenuated influenza virus vaccine, no matter whether it has been vaccinated with influenza vaccine or not, only one dose is given.

Suggestions on vaccination timing:

It is suggested that all localities arrange vaccination as soon as the vaccine is available, and it is best to complete vaccination before the local influenza epidemic season. Vaccination units can provide vaccination services throughout the epidemic season. In the same influenza epidemic season, people who have completed the whole vaccination according to the vaccination procedures do not need to be vaccinated again.

It is recommended that pregnant women be vaccinated with influenza vaccine (inactivated influenza vaccine only); Pregnant women can be vaccinated at any stage of pregnancy; Pregnant women should consult a doctor before vaccination if they are undergoing other medication or receiving other vaccines.

Inoculation with Covid-19 vaccine at the same time:

It is suggested that people aged 18 and above can be vaccinated with inactivated influenza vaccine and Covid-19 vaccine at the same time, and attention should be paid to vaccinating both limbs separately.

For those who are vaccinated with live attenuated influenza vaccine and minors under the age of 18, it is suggested that the interval between vaccination and Covid-19 should be more than 14 days.

Other preventive measures and treatment of influenza

Preventive measures:

Maintain good respiratory hygiene habits, cover your mouth and nose with paper towels and towels when coughing or sneezing;

Wash your hands frequently and try to avoid touching your eyes, nose or mouth;

Balanced diet, moderate exercise, adequate rest, etc.

Avoid close contact with patients with flu-like symptoms;

During the flu season, try to reduce going to crowded places;

Once flu-like symptoms appear, you should rest at home, carry out health observation, go to work and attend classes without illness, and wear masks when contacting family members to reduce the spread of the disease; If you find that your condition is getting worse, you should go to the hospital as soon as possible. Patients and caregivers should wear masks to avoid cross-infection.

Treatment plan:

Neuraminidase inhibitors such as oseltamivir, zanamivir and palamivir, and polymerase inhibitor baloshavir are effective drugs for influenza A and B. Early application of anti-influenza drugs, especially within 48 hours of onset, can significantly reduce the severity and mortality of influenza.

Note: Antiviral drugs should be used under the guidance of a doctor.

These points

Also be sure to pay attention to it.

↓↓↓

Source: Sichuan CDC, People’s Daily

Look quickly! These are all good news related to Tongjiang!

"Sichuan News Network" pays attention to Tongjiang: the theme education of benefiting people and enterprises is effective.

Our city issued the first batch of funds for the return of stable posts this year! How to apply to see here →

Original title: "The flu season has arrived, please pay attention to these 8 categories of people →"

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How to calculate IKEA distribution fee？ Super practical IKEA shopping strategy

Everyone knows IKEA, which is a large and complete shopping center, and you can buy many daily necessities and household items from IKEA. At the same time, there are also professional delivery services, and you need to charge some fees. So how to calculate the delivery fee of IKEA? The specific settlement method is introduced below. Ultra-practical IKEA shopping strategy needs everyone to know that you can buy suitable products and it is also very comfortable.

How to calculate IKEA distribution fee? Super practical IKEA shopping strategy

How to calculate the IKEA delivery fee?

The consignment price of the consignment company in IKEA is: the consignment is 30 kg-50 kg, and the freight is 200 yuan; The consignment is 20-30kg, and the freight is 150 yuan; The consignment is 10 kg-20 kg, which is 100 yuan; Mattresses, sofas, etc. are calculated according to cubes; There is also insurance in 4 yuan, which will be delivered directly to your home within two days. You can choose to pay in advance or cash on delivery. You can pay for the damage free of charge and install it yourself. It is very convenient for IKEA to install things, so you can rest assured.

How to calculate IKEA distribution fee? Super practical IKEA shopping strategy

Ultra-practical IKEA shopping strategy

1. Free to choose, compare and feel products.

The signs in the IKEA store are very powerful. Just follow the signs if you want to find anything, and there is an information desk in each area. If you are not clear, just ask the nearest information desk.

There are also such signs scattered in the IKEA store, which have location maps of various product categories on the floor where you are located, and also tell you exactly where you are now and help you mark the shopping route intimately.

You can see the following eye-catching column sign at any place in the mall, which is used to point to the division of IKEA. There will also be a small and exquisite information desk next to it, including three treasures that can be collected free of charge, and there is also a computer, through which shoppers can search and query the information and information of shopping products. Very convenient!

2. The price tag is very important.

Look at the price tag, all the information about the product is on the price tag, and it will tell you where to pick up the goods.

A) Red: You can pick up the goods directly, or you can pick up the goods in the furniture pick-up area and household goods area.

B) Yellow: You have to consult the sales staff to place an order.

3. Record your shopping list with free pen and paper!

Ikea will provide free paper and pens to record the products you choose. It is convenient to get free paper and pens at your fingertips. Record the product name, article number and pick-up area you want in time.

4, trolley to help you pick up the goods.

Pick up the goods by yourself at IKEA and use flat packaging, which is convenient for you to pick them up by yourself.

5. Pick up the goods and install the furniture by yourself

I believe that many IKEA powders like self-assembled furniture, and they can enjoy the fun of assembly. They can also cooperate with family and friends to complete the assembly. It must be fun.

6. Have you changed your mind? It doesn’t matter.

Ikea’s return service is also very satisfactory. As long as the goods are not assembled, damaged or used, you can bring the original shopping voucher and the goods with complete packaging to the mall for return within 60 days.

How to calculate the delivery fee of IKEA? The specific shipping calculation method needs to be comprehensively calculated according to the specific weight of the goods, so it is still very good to choose the shipping form if you buy large household items, and there are also insurance services, and you can also deliver them to your home. It is still a very good shopping experience. Ultra-practical IKEA shopping guide introduces the relevant content to everyone, and these tips can be referred to more.

The 2024 influenza vaccination guide is coming! Attached with detailed inoculation points →

Tips:

Friends of the general public: Hello everyone! The flu vaccine has been vaccinated in 2024. Autumn and winter are the high incidence periods of influenza. As an acute respiratory infectious disease caused by influenza virus, influenza not only spreads quickly and widely, but also has various symptoms, such as fever, chills, headache, sore throat, muscle pain, cough, etc., and may also have serious complications such as pneumonia and myocarditis, which threaten the health of countless people every year.

Vaccination against influenza can form an effective immune barrier, which is the most economical and effective means to prevent the occurrence and prevalence of influenza. Vaccination with influenza vaccine can not only effectively reduce the risk of influenza virus infection, but also significantly reduce the risk of serious complications.

About influenza vaccine

The best vaccination time for influenza vaccine is 1-2 months before the peak of influenza, and it is usually recommended to complete vaccination from September to October every year. For students who are about to live in school, they can be vaccinated at the end of August or before the start of school in September. It can not only prevent the influenza virus in this winter, but also effectively prevent the influenza virus in next spring.

Does the flu vaccine need to be vaccinated every year?

Need On the one hand, influenza viruses are easy to mutate, and the strains that are popular every year may be different from those in previous years, and the composition of vaccines is also adjusted every year. On the other hand, the protective antibody produced after vaccination can last for 6 ~ 8 months, and the protective effect will gradually weaken over time.

In order to effectively protect the health of ourselves and our families, we hereby issue a sincere initiative:

It is suggested that all citizens who are over 6 months old and have no vaccination contraindications should go to the vaccination unit as soon as possible and get the flu vaccine at their own expense according to the principle of "informed consent". It is recommended that all people who are over 6 months old and have no vaccination contraindications should be vaccinated with influenza vaccine. In particular, medical staff, the elderly aged 60 and above, people suffering from one or more chronic diseases, vulnerable people and employees in gathering places such as old-age care institutions, long-term care institutions and welfare homes, children aged 6-59 months, family members and caregivers of infants under 6 months, kindergartens, primary and secondary schools, supervision places, etc. are key groups, and timely influenza vaccination is even more necessary.

Precautions for vaccination

Health status:

Before vaccination, please inform the doctor about your health and allergy history so that the doctor can evaluate whether you are suitable for influenza vaccination.

Inoculation site:

Influenza vaccine is usually injected into the deltoid muscle of the upper arm. After inoculation, there may be slight pain or redness, which is normal and usually disappears by itself within a few days.

Observe the reaction:

After inoculation, please stay for 30 minutes so that doctors can deal with possible abnormal reactions such as allergic reactions in time.

Follow-up protection:

Although vaccinated with influenza vaccine, there is no guarantee that 100% will not be infected with influenza. Therefore, we still need to maintain good personal hygiene habits, such as washing hands frequently, wearing masks and keeping social distance, so as to further reduce the risk of infection.

Dear residents and friends, the prevention and control of influenza needs the joint efforts of each of us. Let’s take active actions to respond to the initiative of influenza vaccination and protect the health of ourselves and our families. Thank you for your support and understanding!

Take you to understand the flu.

Influenza (referred to as "influenza") is an acute respiratory infectious disease caused by influenza virus, which is harmful to human health. Generally, it is characterized by acute onset, mainly with fever, headache, myalgia and general malaise. The body temperature can reach 39-40℃, and there may be chills, chills, soreness of muscles and joints, fatigue, loss of appetite and other systemic symptoms, such as sore throat, dry cough, nasal congestion, runny nose, retrosternal discomfort, facial flushing and conjunctival congestion.

Influenza viruses are divided into four types: A, B, C and D. The viruses that cause seasonal influenza epidemic are mainly H1N1 and H3N2 subtypes of influenza A virus and Victoria strain of influenza B virus.

source of infection

Influenza patients and asymptomatic infected people.

mode of transmission

Influenza virus is mainly transmitted by respiratory droplets produced by sneezing and coughing of infected people, and can also be directly or indirectly contacted by mucous membranes such as mouth, nose and eyes.

harm

The antigenicity of influenza virus is changeable and spreads rapidly, which can cause seasonal epidemic every year. Influenza outbreaks are prone to occur in places where people gather, such as schools, kindergartens and nursing homes.

The difference between influenza and common cold

The flu has an acute onset, and its symptoms are heavier than those of a common cold. Although most people endure it for a few days, it is good to prescribe the right medicine or even not treat themselves, but some of them can develop into severe flu due to complications such as pneumonia. A few severe cases progressed rapidly, and even died of acute respiratory failure and multiple organ failure.

For adults, if there is a fever at the onset, it is mostly the flu; If you just have a runny nose, cough and no fever, you are likely to have a common cold.

mode of transmission

Influenza virus is mainly transmitted by respiratory droplets produced by sneezing and coughing of infected people, and can also be directly or indirectly contacted by mucous membranes such as mouth, nose and eyes.

preventive

1. Vaccination against influenza is the most economical and effective measure to prevent influenza. In accordance with the principle of "informed consent and voluntary self-expense", timely vaccination against influenza should be carried out nearby to protect the health of yourself and your family to the maximum extent.

2. Taking daily protective measures can effectively reduce the infection and spread of influenza. Maintain good respiratory hygiene habits, cover your mouth and nose with paper towels and towels when coughing or sneezing; Wash your hands frequently and try to avoid touching your eyes, nose or mouth; Balanced diet, moderate exercise, adequate rest, etc. Avoid close contact with patients with flu-like symptoms; During the flu season, try to reduce going to crowded places.

3. If you have flu-like symptoms, you should rest at home, conduct health observation, go to work and attend classes without illness, and wear masks when contacting family members to reduce the spread of the disease; If you find that your condition is getting worse, you should go to the hospital as soon as possible. Patients and caregivers should wear masks to avoid cross-infection.

Four-valent influenza virus split vaccine, four-valent influenza virus subunit vaccine and freeze-dried live attenuated nasal spray influenza vaccine have all arrived. Please ask residents and friends in need to go to various inoculation sites in Kashgar for vaccination, early vaccination and early protection ~

The following is the information of each inoculation point in Kashgar.

Click the view link for details.

Original title: "2024 influenza vaccination guide is coming! Attached with detailed inoculation points → "

Read the original text

Returning home during the Spring Festival： the importance of human feelings has become a problem, and sometimes three or four gifts are sent a day.

　　During the Spring Festival, all families look forward to reunion. Menstruation, a doctoral student of China Rural Governance Research Center of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, did not "dare" to go back to his hometown, but "hid" in Fujian for the New Year. I didn’t understand until I asked again and again, "I have to send at least 10 thousand yuan as a gift when I go home during the Spring Festival. If I don’t come back, I’m afraid of giving away my feelings."

　　In the central rural areas, this kind of "village story" is not unusual. This Spring Festival, the teachers and students of the He Xuefeng team of China Rural Governance Research Center of Huazhong University of Science and Technology have focused on a phenomenon: the pressure of farmers to give back their feelings is increasing. Many farmers hope that government guidance and rural autonomy will help them get out of the quagmire of stale human feelings and create healthy rural human feelings.

　　The importance of human feelings has become a problem

　　Sometimes three or four gifts are given a day during the Spring Festival.

　　"We have conducted research in rural areas all over the country many times, and we have heard farmers say more than once that the eight central regulations are good. Can rural areas also have such regulations to guide human exchanges? This aspect reflects the farmers’ high recognition of the eight regulations, and at the same time expresses the urgent mood to change the status quo of human feelings. " Around the Spring Festival, Gui Hua, an associate researcher at the center, Liu Chengliang, Lei Wanghong, Ph.D. students, etc. went home and investigated, and obtained a lot of data and cases.

　　Songrenqing is concentrated around the Spring Festival. There are more than 300,000 people in a poverty-stricken county in mountainous areas, and nearly 60,000 poor people set up files and set up cards in 2015. For more than a month before and after the Spring Festival, some village groups were treated almost every day. According to local customs, everyone in the same village group will go to congratulate each other. Many farmers rush to the farm every three to five times to send people a favor, sometimes three or four copies a day.

　　There are more names to treat guests, and the rules for catering are getting out of order. In a county in central Hubei, an old man over 60 years old celebrated his seventieth birthday four years in advance to help his son collect money to buy a car. The most incredible thing is that funerals are held in some places now. Burying the elderly is no longer the main task, but catering and collecting people’s feelings has become the highlight.

　　Wedding banquets are also changing. In the past, only the first marriage was held, but now many remarried couples still feast their guests, and some villagers think it is suspected of abusing money. Uncle Cheng has a son and a daughter. The son got married twice, and the daughter got married twice, and they all had banquets. Some villagers gritted their teeth and said, "I went to his house for a wedding banquet four times. If he gets divorced and marries again, he will never go!" "

　　The standard of gift money is increasing year by year. In some places, the current "market" is that every time a general farmer sends out 200 yuan, especially poor ones send out 100 yuan, aunts and uncles and other close relatives, ranging from 1,000 to 5,000 yuan. The human bills of several farmers show that there was only 50 yuan around 2010, but now 100 yuan can’t deliver it. The gift of close relatives has risen even more fiercely, generally starting at 1,000 yuan.

　　In addition, there has been a bad atmosphere in recent years. Some farmers believe that the size of the banquet reflects the size of the "circle of friends" and the popularity, and tries every means to expand the scope of human feelings in order to save face. Last year, a contractor hosted a banquet and invited guests everywhere, and received a total of more than 600,000 yuan in gifts. Others received more than 900,000 yuan at a time, but these human feelings stories quickly became "beautiful talks" with "face".

　　There is no winner in changing tastes and feelings.

　　If you bite the bullet and do it, you will lose more if you don’t.

　　The burden of human feelings is getting heavier and heavier, and some farmers feel that they are being "hollowed out".

　　Generally speaking, an ordinary farmer’s "circle of friends" has about 200 households, and it is more common for each household to hold a banquet every five or six years. According to this rhythm, on average, each household has to send more than 30 gifts each year, with a human expenditure of 10,000 to 20,000 yuan, and the family’s economic situation is good at more than 20,000 yuan. About 30% of farmers’ household income is used for human consumption, and some families account for half.

　　In a county in central Hubei, the annual human expenditure of poor households and low-income households reaches more than 5,000 yuan. Roughly speaking, many farmers’ household human expenditure exceeds the per capita annual income of the poverty line standard. Some farmers said: there are very few absolute poverty in the village, and most of them are relatively poor. Relative poverty is largely due to the heavy burden of human feelings. Some farmers said: "It’s hard to cope with human feelings, and there is no money to increase the income of projects!"

　　Catering costs money, and there is no "winner" in the long run. Do wine to receive gifts, then return gifts, and then do wine … … In a poor county in Hubei province, it costs more than 300 yuan to run a table of banquets plus alcohol and tobacco. Generally, there are 200 households giving gifts, the cost of banquet is about 20 thousand yuan, and the gift is about 50 thousand yuan, which can earn more than 30 thousand yuan. Farmers all know that the money earned is always "repaid", and the banquet will eventually lose money, but it will lose more if it is not held. In the end, it falls into a strange circle: everyone struggles to do it, and if they don’t do it, they will lose more. If they don’t want to, they will have to do it anyway.

　　A farmer used to hold a banquet, and his friend gave him a gift. Later, this friend also hosted a banquet. The farmer felt too much to eat, didn’t go to drink, and didn’t reciprocate. As a result, the other party went to the door directly and asked for the money sent in the past, which was very unpleasant.

　　In a county in central Hubei province, money should be added when returning the favor to show "more kindness". As long as you touch relatives and friends, you will receive 500 yuan this time and 1000 yuan next time, and then it will become 1,500 yuan next time, playing "human feelings+"like snowballing. There are many people who send 10,000 to 20,000 yuan at a time between relatives. Comparing with each other, a rising tide lifts all boats, increasing the burden of human feelings.

　　Refreshing rural style, looking forward to building together

　　Government guidance, rural autonomy and villagers’ consciousness

　　Human feelings are so heavy, can’t we "catch up"?

　　"In rural areas, human feelings are more important than eating. If you are hungry, you can bear it. If you don’t maintain your human relationship, you will be looked down upon and you will not be able to be a person in the village in the future. "

　　In June, 2016, a news suddenly spread among the people in Lei Wanghong’s hometown. It is said that the township government is planning to introduce a "wine restriction order", which stipulates that only full moon wine, white affairs, wedding wine and longevity wine (over 80 years old) can be served, which will be implemented on July 1.

　　The news spread and many villagers applauded. Unexpectedly, the situation turned sharply in a few days. At that time, the college entrance examination was just around the corner. After hearing the news, some villagers rushed to hold a school banquet for their children before July 1. Some children are only in the first year of high school, and they also have a wine for further study in advance. On July 1, the rumored "alcohol restriction order" was not introduced.

　　The regulation of some banquets has been explored in many places. Before the Spring Festival, Kaili City, Guizhou Province issued a trial method to regulate the catering behavior, which triggered a heated discussion.

　　Refreshing rural customs, in addition to the government guidance that villagers expect, should also encourage rural autonomy and stimulate villagers’ consciousness. In this regard, we should explore ways to change customs into village rules and regulations, and focus on the construction of red and white councils, so as to obviously reduce the economic burden of farmers and improve the social atmosphere.

　　Take Shandong as an example. As of last October, there were 86,000 red and white councils in the province. The Red and White Council is composed of people who are highly respected, enthusiastic in service, fair and just, frugal and have certain etiquette skills. According to unified standards, procedures and ceremonies, it helps the masses to handle red and white affairs free of charge.

　　Lei Wanghong tentatively asked his mother if there should be an institution like the Red and White Council in the village, and would the people support it? Mother said without hesitation, "I am the first to raise my hands in favor, and I can assure you that other villagers will agree." Our reporter Zhang Zhifeng.

Flash! CDE issued the Technical Guiding Principles for Pharmaceutical Research and Evaluation of Specific Human Immunoglobulin.

　 　 　 In order to standardize and guide the R&D, production and registration of specific human immunoglobulin, and further clarify the technical evaluation standards, under the deployment of National Medical Products Administration, the Drug Testing Center organized and formulated the Technical Guiding Principles for Pharmaceutical Research and Evaluation of Specific Human Immunoglobulin (see Annex).
　 　 　 　According to the requirements of the Notice of the General Department of National Medical Products Administration on Printing and Distributing the Release Procedures of Drug Technical Guidelines (No.9 [2020] of the General Administration of Drug Administration), with the approval of National Medical Products Administration, it is hereby promulgated and shall come into force as of the date of promulgation.
　 　 　 　This is for your information.

　 　 　 　Appendix: Technical Guiding Principles for Pharmaceutical Research and Evaluation of Specific Human Immunoglobulin
National Medical Products Administration yaoshen center
May 20, 2022　 　
I. Overview

Specific human immunoglobulin (HIG) is a highly effective immunoglobulin preparation prepared from plasma containing specific antibodies.

The sources of plasma include plasma with high titer antibody after the patient recovered from infection with a pathogen, and plasma containing specific antibodies by hyperimmune injection of healthy blood donors, that is, injection of vaccines or other antigens to make the injected people produce antibodies. Specific human immunoglobulin (hereinafter referred to as "special immune product") is an indispensable blood product because it contains specific antibodies with high titer, and its effectiveness in preventing and treating specific diseases is better than that of ordinary human immunoglobulin.

In order to encourage, standardize and guide the research and development of special exemption products, this guiding principle is formulated with reference to the relevant technical requirements at home and abroad and combined with the actual situation in China. This guiding principle is only based on the current technical development and scientific cognition, aiming at the general pharmaceutical research technical requirements of special exemption products. The applicant/holder can also adopt other more effective methods and means according to the actual situation of the research and development of the exempted products, but it should conform to the law of drug research and development and provide scientific and reasonable basis to ensure the safety, effectiveness and controllable quality of the products.　

Second, the scope of application　

These guiding principles are applicable to the special immunity products made of specific antibody plasma obtained by direct screening of specific antibody of plasma donors and active immunization. They have similar product characteristics and pharmacological characteristics, and their pharmaceutical requirements are both common and different. At present, the varieties included in People’s Republic of China (PRC) Pharmacopoeia (hereinafter referred to as China Pharmacopoeia) include hepatitis B human immunoglobulin, rabies human immunoglobulin, tetanus human immunoglobulin, etc. The research and development and registration of special exemption products at home and abroad are shown in Schedule 1, and the modes of administration are divided into intravenous injection, intramuscular injection and subcutaneous injection.

III. General principles　

1. Security.　

Because of the particularity of blood products, there is a potential risk of virus pollution, and virus safety control is the core content of blood products quality control. The collection, inspection, storage, transportation, traceability and the immune requirements of plasma donors of the plasma exempted products shall conform to the provisions of "Plasma for Blood Products Production" in China Pharmacopoeia and "Quality Management Standard for Plasma Collection Stations". It is suggested that screening research on B19 and other pathogens should be carried out according to product characteristics and clinical users, especially some special varieties (such as anti-D immunoglobulin). It is suggested that the applicant/holder cooperate with relevant departments to carry out epidemiological monitoring in the area where the plasma station is located. Actively promote the detection technology of nucleic acid in raw plasma and mixed plasma, and formulate standards and requirements. Special attention should be paid to the epidemic situation and detection methods of new and sudden infectious diseases.

2. Specific antibody screening.　

The accuracy and reliability of specific antibody screening results is the key to ensure the quality of raw plasma. In the case of large-scale production, the amount of single plasma detection involved is large, so it is necessary to establish a suitable antibody titer detection method and fully verify it by the method in the early stage of research and development. Single plasma can be screened for specific antibodies by immunolabeling method, and the correlation between binding titer and neutralization titer can be established. The combined plasma, stock solution and preparation shall be tested for specific antibodies by the method specified in China Pharmacopoeia or the verified method. Usually, based on virus neutralization test (mouse neutralization test, micro-cell lesion count and plaque reduction test), immunolabeling test (enzyme labeling, fluorescence labeling, isotope labeling, etc.), hemagglutination inhibition test, immunodiffusion test, immunoturbidimetry test or other immune/biochemical tests, the research is carried out by quantitative and semi-quantitative methods based on reference materials.

3. Production technology　

The process development of this kind of products can refer to the process of similar products that have been listed, and platform technology can be used. The use of chromatography is encouraged to improve the purity of products, but the selection of chromatographic parameters and the influence of the quality of chromatographic resin on the quality of products should be fully considered, and the inactivation and removal ability of viruses by the process should be paid special attention to. The verification of virus inactivation/removal should meet the requirements of General Principles of China Pharmacopoeia "Virus Safety Control of Biological Products", "Technical Methods and Verification Guidelines for Virus Removal/Inactivation of Blood Products" and technical documents such as ICH and WHO.

Management rules and operating procedures should be established for personnel safety protection and wastes in the production process, bioactive substances and viruses should be inactivated according to proven inactivation treatment methods, and effective protective measures should be taken to protect operators to avoid risks such as virus transmission.

Four, pharmaceutical research and evaluation points　

(1) Raw plasma and materials for production　

1, plasma source and quality control　

Quality control of single plasma: single plasma must meet the relevant quality control requirements issued by the national health administrative department. Raw plasma used for production must have legal sources (plasma station certification documents, etc.) and pass inspection and quarantine, and should have complete reagent data (marketing certification documents, etc.) and screening records (antigens/antibodies/nucleic acids) for screening blood-borne infection markers.

Immune procedure: immune procedure and dosage of antigen used are the key factors to determine the concentration and titer of antibody in plasma. It is necessary to define the immunization methods. For example, when active immunization is carried out with approved vaccines or other antigens, these immunogens should have complete source certification information and batch information. The immunization program should refer to the requirements of vaccine instructions, or be formulated according to the immunogenicity of antigen and the reactivity of plasma donors, but the specific immunization program adopted should prove its safety. Subjects should have full right to know, and at the same time make corresponding countermeasures for possible problems.　

Quality control of mixed plasma: A certain amount of plasma should be mixed, which should meet the requirements of China Pharmacopoeia in combination with product characteristics. At present, ordinary people are required to mix the plasma of at least 1000 plasma donors. Specially exempted products generally require plasma mixing from at least 100 plasma donors, except for some special varieties (such as anti-D immunoglobulin products).

No matter the plasma obtained by active immunization with approved vaccine or immunogen or the plasma immunized after natural infection, the specific antibody content standard of each plasma and combined plasma should be formulated at the time of IND declaration. The plasma whose antibody level is up to the standard is used for plasma production. For varieties that have not been recorded in China Pharmacopoeia, there should be a clear basis and a proven detection method for determining the titer of specific antibodies in raw plasma and preparations. When NDA is declared for the varieties included in China Pharmacopoeia, the antibody titer standard should not be lower than the requirements of China Pharmacopoeia.

2. Raw materials for production　

Strict quality control of raw materials used in the production of special exemption products is a necessary measure to reduce the risk of contamination by exogenous factors or toxic impurities in products and avoid the activation of other factors in plasma. In addition to clear sources, quality standards and inspection reports, raw materials for production should also focus on the use of animal-derived raw materials (such as heparin) and avoid using animal-derived raw materials as much as possible. TSE/BSE risk assessment should be conducted for raw materials used in production.　

When using filter AIDS (perlite, diatomaceous earth, etc.), filter membranes and filter element materials in the separation process, it is necessary to establish appropriate quality control standards according to the requirements of different process stages, control the introduction risk of exogenous factors, control bacterial endotoxin and heavy metals, and formulate reasonable limit requirements. In addition, it is necessary to pay attention to the risk of residues that may be mixed into the final product and potentially harmful to human body, and control them if necessary.

(2) Production technology　

1. Stock solution　

The initial raw material of the special immunity products is raw plasma or plasma components. The modified Cohn method or KistlerNitschmann method can be used to separate the special immunity products, and other methods can also be used for separation and purification, such as octanoate precipitation and chromatography.　

The separation and purification process adopted should ensure that the physicochemical and biological properties of the product and the biological activity of the Fc segment of IgG are well preserved. The production process must avoid or eliminate the pollution of microorganisms (bacteria, viruses) and their metabolites (pyrogens) to the maximum extent. It is necessary to strengthen the control of production process and consider the influence of the removal of filter AIDS and the selection of filter media on the products. It should be paid attention to that IgG fractions obtained by different separation methods may contain higher levels of IgA and IgM. At the same time, attention should be paid to the rationality of sterilization and filtration steps, and the integrity of the filtered membrane should be checked.

It is necessary to specify the amount of slurry for pre-clinical, clinical samples and market-scale samples. Generally, continuous production should be carried out, and the production capacity of each process step should be matched with each other, and the processing should be completed at one time. In each process step, it is the key to determine the process control parameters and scope and meet the requirements. When using ethanol and other precipitation methods, it is necessary to control the quality of ethanol and other reagents, and study the protein concentration, temperature, pH value, ionic strength, treatment time and so on, so as to define the acceptable limit range. In the process of dissolution and precipitation of plasma components, avoiding IgG coprecipitation is the key to improve the product yield, especially the key indexes such as temperature and adding time should be fully studied to investigate the influence on the key quality indexes such as protein purity and molecular size distribution. When chromatographic method is used, it is necessary to optimize chromatographic conditions and determine reasonable parameters according to the nature and concentration of protein in the product, such as the capacity of chromatographic column, ionic strength of feed solution and buffer solution, pH value of buffer solution, flow rate, contact time and temperature, etc. The determination of these parameters should be based on the research data of process development, and limit standards and allowable ranges should be formulated. At the same time, it is necessary to study the cleaning and regeneration (service life) of chromatographic resin, the load of chromatographic column and the extract, especially the use of chromatographic packing with potentially harmful ligands. It is necessary to pay attention to the volume, protein concentration, recovery rate and electrophoretic purity of each separation and purification step, and evaluate the process-related impurities (such as ethanol, sedimentation aid, IgA, aluminum, heavy metal ions, etc.) and product-related impurities.(such as polymers, etc.). If necessary, in order to prove the ability of the process to remove impurities, it may be necessary to use standard addition test to evaluate the ability of the process to remove some potential pollutants. If operations that may affect product quality, such as temporary storage and transportation of intermediate products, need to be supported by necessary stability research data.

Encourage the use of innovative and improved processes (including the improvement of ethanol separation process) to improve the utilization rate of plasma and improve the quality of special exemption products. In the early stage of process development, attention should be paid to the identification of key process parameters, the integrity of process control in different separation stages and the rationality of process parameter setting. If the applicant/holder has already marketed products with the same separation and purification process, and the existing process research data and control parameters can be used for reference, the process verification of three batches of new special exemption products should be carried out.　

Considering the preciousness of plasma resources, the pilot-scale research data suitable for clinical trials can also be used for the declaration of IND stage. However, when applying for NDA, it is necessary to have complete commercial scale research data.

2. Preparation　

Clarify single prescription and batch prescription, and explain the basis of rationality of preparation prescription. Auxiliary materials suitable for medical use should be used, and the stability of the supply chain should be ensured. For accessories from multiple suppliers, it is necessary to carry out full research. For brand-new excipients that have not been used in similar preparations at home and abroad, a comprehensive study should be carried out and related declarations should be made. No bacteriostatic agent shall be added to the special exemption products for intravenous injection. Because some cosolvents (such as polysorbate 80) have the potential risk of causing allergic reaction and hemolysis reaction, safety evaluation should be carried out. The preparation process (such as stirring speed) should be studied. In principle, the preparation of semi-finished products should come from a batch of stock solutions. If different batches of stock solutions are used to prepare semi-finished products, the possible risks should be evaluated.

The temperature of products, the duration of packaging, the temperature and humidity of packaging environment should be controlled. Special exemption products involving freeze-drying technology should have data such as freeze-drying process parameters and freeze-drying curves verified by commercial batches, indicating the influence of freeze-drying technology on product quality, especially on biological activity.

3. Process verification　

For the products exempt from intramuscular injection, it is necessary to determine the process flow and key process parameters before NDA declaration, and continuously produce three batches of products to verify the stability of the process, so as to provide a supporting basis for the products to go on the market. For the special exemption products for intravenous injection, the process flow and key process parameters should be determined as far as possible before the confirmatory clinical trial, and the stability of the process should be verified by continuous production of three batches. If there are differences between clinical trial samples and commercial scale batches in terms of production technology or site, it is suggested to carry out change research, and it is suggested to carry out research and exploration on the worst process conditions at an appropriate stage, and it is necessary to prove that qualified products can be produced under the determined process parameters and quality control limits. If multiple production sites or production lines are involved, verification research should be carried out.　

(III) Virus safety and virus removal/inactivation verification　

The detection of single plasma and mixed plasma should meet the requirements of China Pharmacopoeia, and the number of cases of mixed plasma should meet the sensitivity requirements of the kit/detection method. For anti-D immunoglobulin, the nucleic acid load of B19 virus in plasma should be ensured to be less than ＜104 IU/ml.

Because of the differences in the ability of inactivation/removal of lipid-coated and non-coated viruses by various methods, it is recommended to use two virus inactivation/removal methods with different mechanisms to carry out verification, and to clarify the technical conditions and control parameters of virus inactivation/removal process steps, including product uniformity, upper and lower temperature limits, inactivation time, filtration pressure/speed/temperature/solution composition/membrane integrity, etc. Attention should be paid to the rationality of setting the position of deactivation/removal process steps. When selecting virus removal/inactivation method, the effect of virus inactivation/removal should be balanced with product activity and general safety.　

It is necessary to consider the potential interaction between inactivation steps, the influence of inactivation process on antibody integrity and clinical efficacy, whether new immunogens are formed and the risk of toxic residues that may be introduced. If the production process changes, which may affect the virus removal ability, it needs to be verified again. In addition, the samples used for inspection should be representative of the process. With the development of technology, some new methods of virus inactivation can also be applied in special exemption products, which need to be proved to be scientific and effective and fully verified.

If the products with the same process steps have been approved and registered, and the virus inactivation/removal process has been verified, the newly declared products will only change the mode of administration, and the products with the same production equipment, process and operation as the original products in commercial batches can not be subjected to virus inactivation/removal process repeatedly on the premise of meeting the relevant technical requirements such as Technical Methods and Verification Guidelines for Removing/Inactivating Viruses from Blood Products and Technical Guidelines for Pharmaceutical Change Research of Listed Biological Products.

In order to ensure the virus safety of the final product, we should consider the setting of plasma station from epidemiological data, strictly select plasma donors, screen plasma and manage the quarantine period, optimize the production process and add virus removal/inactivation steps, and evaluate the virus removal ability of the whole process steps of producing products. To evaluate the virus inactivation/removal ability of the production process and the maximum load of specific virus that may exist in the initial plasma, and to ensure the virus safety of the product to the greatest extent, it is necessary to ensure that the verification includes the worst case.

(D) Quality research and control　

1. Analysis of physical and chemical characteristics　

It is necessary to gradually improve the analysis of physical and chemical characteristics in combination with product types, preparation types and drug development stages. IND declaration can be made based on the preliminary research data of physical and chemical characteristics, and NDA declaration should be made by comparing the physical and chemical characteristics, including antibody integrity, antibody subtype distribution, circular dichroism analysis, etc.

2. Biological activity　

Biological activity research should be fully carried out, and it is suggested to study the correlation between binding titer and neutralization titer detection methods. From the aspects of supporting the rationality of the process and considering the influence of the process on the product, it is suggested to establish a method for detecting the biological function of Fc, and to study the sialic acid content of Fc segment in the development stage. Production technology, antibody titer, IgG polymer, IgG subclass, etc. will affect the results of biological function test of Fc. In addition, it is suggested to analyze the binding ability of Fc segment to immune cell surface receptors, the activation of complement function by Fc segment, and the regulation of phagocytosis.

3. Purity and impurities　

Attention should be paid to the components that affect the function of this kind of products, and the purity is generally not less than 95%. In addition to carrying out research on impurity residues and proving the ability of the process to remove impurities, the impurity level limits of batches at different stages (if there are clinical and commercial batches) should be set reasonably. It is suggested that a sensitive method should be used to control the content of impurity protein.　

Polymers produced during the preparation of special immunity products are related to anti-complement activity (ACA), and the content of IgG polymers should be controlled. In order to prevent patients with congenital IgA deficiency from causing serious allergic reaction after using special immunity products, the content of IgA should be controlled. The content of anti-A and anti-B hemagglutinin should be studied and the limit standard should be established to prevent hemolytic reaction caused by large amount of infusion. Encourage the detection of coagulation activator levels and establish standards. It is suggested that anti-D antibody detection should be carried out for intravenous special immunity products from special plasma sources. In addition, in order to prevent the risk of thrombosis, it is suggested to control the FXIa content of intravenous special immunity products and establish standards.

Encourage the detection of other miscellaneous proteins in blood, such as kallikrein activator, immunoglobulin M, transferrin, albumin, α1- antitrypsin, α2 macroglobulin, haptoglobin, α1- acidic glycoprotein, ceruloplasmin, fibrinogen, antithrombin III, plasminogen, fibronectin and C1 esterase inhibitor.

Special exemption products, especially those for intravenous injection, should also focus on the control of insoluble particles. Insoluble particles can not be metabolized in human body, and it is easy to induce thrombosis if they stay in tiny blood vessels. The content of aluminum should be controlled. Aluminum has potential risks to the central nervous system, bones and other organs, and this risk is related to the infusion dose.

4, quality analysis and standards　

The listed special exemption products should meet the requirements of China Pharmacopoeia, and the rationality of testing items should be fully considered for new special exemption products. Quality standards should be set reasonably according to the characteristics of products with different administration methods, such as intravenous special exemption products, and FXIa factor, aluminum ion and IgA content should be increased.

When applying for IND, special attention should be paid to antibody titer, harmful residues and other related testing items.

When applying for NDA, the quality standards of stock solution, semi-finished products (if any) and preparation should be reasonably drawn up based on the data of various research and development stages and stability inspection, on the basis of statistical analysis of multiple batches, combined with the requirements of China Pharmacopoeia and the situation of similar products, with emphasis on the quality control of potency, and more stringent internal control standards should be encouraged. Advanced and mature methods should be used for titer detection, and various complementary analysis methods should be encouraged for quality control in the early stage of research and development. If auxiliary materials such as maltose, polysorbate 80 and glycine are added to the preparation, it should be controlled in the quality standard of the preparation and its content range should be defined.

5, analysis method and methodology verification　

Combined with the characteristics of products, select a reasonable analysis method and carry out sufficient methodological verification to ensure the feasibility of the method.
At the time of IND declaration, at least the preliminary verification of antibody titer and harmful residue detection method should be completed.

When applying for NDA, a complete analysis method should be established and verified. Clarify the accuracy, precision (including repeatability, intermediate precision and reproducibility), specificity, detection limit, quantitative limit, linearity, range and durability of the determination method. Methods other than those in China Pharmacopoeia should be fully verified when applying for NDA. If the determination method is changed greatly, the scope of re-verification should be determined according to the degree of revision of the method.

Establishment and verification of antibody titer detection methods: research on product-specific antibody titer detection methods and standards should be carried out before research and development. It is suggested to study the correlation between binding titer and neutralization titer detection methods. Try to use the method of China Pharmacopoeia, and try to choose the classic and industry-standard method for those not included in China Pharmacopoeia. Clarify the test operation flow, test parameters, preparation and calibration of work standards and criteria for judging results. According to the antibody titer detection method itself, select appropriate indicators to carry out methodological verification and establish verification scheme. Generally speaking, in terms of linearity, the correlation coefficient of neutralization titer determination method should meet the pre-set acceptable standards. In terms of accuracy, the ratio between the actual titer of neutralizing antibody and the theoretical titer of serum with different dilution times is 1, or the slope of regression line in covariance analysis is parallel. In terms of precision, the coefficient of variation should be controlled within 30% as far as possible. In terms of durability, it is necessary to investigate the effects of cell density (generation), neutralization virus dose, neutralization reaction conditions and time, and different positions of orifice plates on the test results. In order to study the influence of possible degradation products and degradation pathways on titer determination, the samples can be destroyed by accelerated methods such as strong light irradiation, high temperature and high humidity. Encourage the use of working standards as quality control, reduce test interference factors, and improve the accuracy and reliability of results.

Verification of detection methods for hazardous residues: Usually, hazardous residues are at trace level, and the sensitivity of detection methods determines the reliability of the results. Encourage the use of more advanced methods and instruments with higher sensitivity based on the methods in China Pharmacopoeia, and pay attention to distinguish the detection limits of instruments and methods. The obtained detection limit and quantitative limit data must be verified by samples with similar contents.
say
Test process and detection limit results, including accuracy and precision verification data. The linear indexes such as recovery rate (%) and relative standard deviation (RSD%) should be listed as regression equation, correlation coefficient, residual square sum linear graph, etc. The range should be drawn up within 20% of the specified limit according to the preliminary measured data, and in general, various methods with different principles should be used to verify each other. Methodological verification of product-related impurities: Methodological verification shall be carried out according to the requirements of China Pharmacopoeia. If the commercial kit is used for residue detection, it is suggested to study the selection of detection kit (such as IgA detection), and the detection kit should explain the sensitivity, specificity, detection limit, quantitative limit and linear range. In general, the accuracy, precision, linear range, interference test, reference interval and other indicators of the kit should be verified. The variation coefficient of precision should be within 20%, the accuracy deviation should not exceed 10%, the linear range determination coefficient (R 2) should be ≥ 0.98, and the relative deviation of interference test should be less than 10%. Attention should be paid to identify the factors that affect the accuracy of the determination results during the release test of products, such as pH value, PK activity, ionic strength of product solution, reaction temperature, etc., which will affect the determination results of PKA, and low pH conditions may reduce the PKA activity of products.　

6, reference (standard)

The quality control reference of antibody titer should be established according to the requirements of relevant guiding principles. When applying for NDA, it is necessary to clarify the key information such as the source and quality control of reference materials, and the reference materials should be related to the samples used in clinical experiments, paying attention to the accuracy and traceability of assignment. If international/national standards are adopted, the information of standards used (source, batch, etc.) shall be specified. If it is a self-made reference, the preparation process, calibration and stability should be studied.

(5) Stability study　

Stability test runs through the whole product life cycle and is the basis for formulating product standards and expiration dates. The stability test should be carried out in accordance with the China Pharmacopoeia and the relevant guiding principles of stability research of biological products at home and abroad. In the declaration stage of IND, preliminary stability inspection can be conducted to ensure the quality of samples in clinical stage. Complete a comprehensive stability inspection before NDA declaration, select suitable packaging materials, define storage and transportation conditions, and formulate a reasonable validity period. The investigation of influencing factor test and accelerated test should be studied as far as possible until the product is unqualified. Long-term stability investigation should extend the observation time of products as much as possible. In general, the liquid dosage form should be placed upside down and upright for stability test. Products with different closed systems should be tested for stability respectively. If a new production site is introduced to produce intermediate products, unless there are other reasons, the stability research of intermediate products and finished products should be carried out. The activity of Fc segment is an important indicator of the effectiveness of this kind of products, so it is suggested to investigate the related stability. For the special exemption products in liquid dosage form, the thermal stability test should be carried out, and the visible foreign bodies should be checked. The results should meet the requirements of China Pharmacopoeia.

(6) Packaging and sealing container system　

The source and control standard of inner packaging materials should be clarified, and the compatibility and sealing of packaging materials should be studied in accordance with the relevant guiding principles such as Technical Guiding Principles for Compatibility Research of Chemical Injection with Medical Glass Packaging Container (Trial Implementation), Technical Guiding Principles for Compatibility Research of Chemical Injection with Plastic Packaging Materials (Trial Implementation) and the requirements of ICH related guidelines. Extracts, dissolved substances, sloughs, etc. shall meet the limit requirements. Pay attention to the influence of the extract of inner packing rubber stopper and glass bottle on the preparation.　

V. Explanation of nouns

1. Blood Products refer to therapeutic products derived from human blood or plasma, such as human albumin, human immunoglobulin, human coagulation factor, etc.

2. Human Normal Immunoglobulin (HNIG): also known as gamma globulin or multivalent immunoglobulin, is an immunoglobulin preparation separated from healthy human plasma by low-temperature ethanol protein separation method or other approved protein separation methods, including intravenous immunoglobulin, intramuscular immunoglobulin and subcutaneous immunoglobulin.

3. Specific human immunoglobulin (HIG): It is a high titer immunoglobulin preparation prepared from plasma containing specific antibodies. The sources of plasma include plasma with high titer antibody after the patient recovered from infection with a pathogen, and plasma containing specific antibodies by hyperimmune injection of healthy blood donors, that is, injection of vaccines or other antigens to make the injected people produce antibodies. Different from ordinary immunoglobulins, such preparations must have at least one high titer antibody for the prevention and treatment of specific diseases in clinic.

4. Anti-complement Activity (ACA): A substance in serum or tissue fluid that can nonspecific bind to complement and make it inactive, such as protease and ester.　

VI. References (omitted)

Jiang Xin, who is domineering and tearing up her colleagues, is strong in returning to green tea and cutting short hair, is too queen-like.

The discussion of family and workplace in TV series Our Marriage has aroused a lot of enthusiasm. Women not only have to face the pressure from the workplace, but also shoulder the responsibility of supporting their families. How to balance career and family is a difficult puzzle for them.

Dong Sijia, played by Rulu, comes out with bgm. In the eyes of colleagues, she isA strong woman in real life. Work vigorously, pay attention to efficiency, is the leader in the team.

She is not a soft persimmon for anyone to hold. Her opponent wants to take away the project in her hand. A sentence "Experience and connections are more important" can block the opponent’s back road.

Subordinate ability is not good and love to snitch, she directly broke that little mind and let the other party leave.

If there is always a female leader who kills all sides in the workplace, there is no doubt that,Dong Sijia is slay’s presence in the audience..

Jiang Xin, who cut her hair short, is a bit more capable and domineering. In her memory, she is still the "Hua Fei Niangniang" who is not angry and powerful, and has the same majesty and gas field.

This domineering spirit has also continued to Xiao Shede. In education, she is a veritable tiger mother. She devoted all her efforts to cultivating her son, and that perseverance even gave in to the defeat of Nan Li, who always disliked her. Today’s "Our Marriage", different roles, speaking look is still so similar.

There will always be one in the workplace.The fearsome devil.They can be independent in their work and their business ability is a cinch. Looking at the appearance, you will feel that they are unreasonable. When you get close, you will find that there is a soft heart hidden under the hard appearance.

One second, I was still preparing for the roadshow with my colleagues, and the next second, I received a meeting notice from the leaders. When a phone call came, Dong Sijia was about to put down his work and rush to the company without stopping.

Subordinate don’t understand why she is so hard, she just said, "Work is sorrow and joy.",and then the figure disappeared in the downpour. No one can help you solve the problem, only you can rely on at the critical moment.

She seems to be strong, but in fact she has her own principles. After she hired Shen Comet, the partner hesitated and questioned whether Shen Comet was competent. Dong Sijia spoke of the dilemma of women’s survival in the workplace in a few words: if she is gentle, she will be questioned about her ability, and if she is strong, she will be criticized for unscrupulous means.

No doubt about employing people, no doubt about people. She recruited comet Shen because she valued each other’s ability, which had nothing to do with her background and partner. I have to say,If full-time mothers want to return to the workplace, they will inevitably face many difficulties. They need more professional ability and stronger inner strength to deal with possible problems..

Shen Comet has been a full-time mother for her children, and her husband Sheng Jiangchuan is too busy with work to ask about housework. The economy is not independent and can’t get the respect it deserves, so there are naturally more and more problems in life.

Unlike Shen Comet Sheng Jiangchuan’s husband and wife, Dong Sijia and Yuwen Li’s husband and wife are male and female. Dong Sijia is an executive of a financial company, with a successful career and a husband in the family. Everything is perfect and he is a "winner in life" in everyone’s eyes.

Her success can’t be separated from her husband’s full support. However, in others’ eyes, Yuwen Li is touched by his wife’s light, and she only needs to be a "full-time husband" with peace of mind at home.

At the reunion, someone took the opportunity to connote Yuwen Li, which sounded like praising his good eye and capable wife. In fact, it was somewhat disdainful and ironic that he was a "soft rice man". Looking at her husband being pointed at by others, Dong Sijia certainly has to support her husband. Liao Liao said a few words, and Rulu replied angrily to the uneasy and kind-hearted man for her husband, which was a perfect interpretation of domineering and protecting her husband.

Although I am grateful to my husband for his contribution to the family,Dong Sijia will still inevitably show her dissatisfaction with her husband’s career.. Yuwen Li wanted to find another job, but Dong Sijia blocked her husband’s way out on the grounds that he was "poor and disgraceful".

At this point, she is a sexual version of Sheng Jiangchuan. Unconsciously bringing work style into the family will inevitably suffocate people after a long time.

Every time he changes a play, Rulu will change his style. At first, the audience was attracted by the glamorous arrogance of Empresses in the Palace Huafei, and then they loved and hated Fan Shengmei in Ode to Joy, and then they avoided Tian Yulan’s tricks in Xiao Shede.

There are some similarities between Dong Sijia and Tian Yulan in Our Marriage. They are both housewives, but Dong Sijia’s husband is better at housekeeping than Tian Yulan, so that his wife has no worries.

It is said that every family has a difficult experience. If you want to do the homework of marriage well, both husband and wife should manage it carefully.A good marriage is to do addition to achieve the effect of 1+1 > 2.. Without a perfect marriage, getting along for a long time will naturally lead to contradictions. Take a step back from each other, regardless of who pays more, but Qi Xin should work together to run a good family.

A strong marriage is doomed not to last long. Passion retreats, and love and responsibility are the keynote of marriage management.

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The exterior design of the Asian Dragon is unique and refined, which highlights the elegance and power of the Toyota brand. The front part of the face is made of bold and smooth lines, and the air intake grille is decorated with large areas of chrome to create a strong visual impact. The overall style blends movement and luxury, atmospheric without losing movement, and the details reflect the exquisite craftsmanship and quality assurance. This design not only attracts the eye, but also ensures that the vehicle is recognizable on the road.

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The Asian Dragon presents a streamlined profile with its elegant body proportions and refined side design. The 4990mm body length, 1850mm width and 1450mm height give it a solid visual impact. The wheelbase is up to 2870mm, ensuring the comfort of the interior space. The configuration of the front wheelbase of 1595mm and the rear wheelbase of 1605mm not only guarantees the driving stability, but also improves the handling. The tire specification is 215/55 R17, and it is matched with a fashionable wheel rim design, which not only strengthens the movement of the vehicle, but also adds a refined atmosphere to the overall shape.

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[Engine] The Asian Dragon is equipped with a 2.0L L4 engine, capable of outputting a maximum power of 127 kilowatts, and has a peak torque of 206 Nm. It is matched with a CVT continuously variable transmission and simulates a 10-speed transmission, providing the driver with a smooth and efficient driving experience. This powertrain focuses on the balance of fuel economy and power performance, ensuring that the vehicle performs well in daily driving.

Overall, the Autohome owner was full of praise for the exterior design of the Asian Dragon, believing that the shark mouth design on its front face is very attractive, adding an extraordinary style to family travel. He emphasized the excellent performance of the Asian Dragon in terms of both practicality and appearance, making it stand out among many choices and become his ideal scooter. Whether it is the first time stunning or daily use, the Asian Dragon has met his expectations and undoubtedly added color to the owner’s travel life.